Hypertext Conference Submissions 1989 - 2000

Available Years:

1989 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Guided tours and on-line presentations: how authors make existing hypertext intelligible for readers
Author	Catherine C. Marshall, Peggy M. Irish
Affiliation	systems Sciences Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems like NoteCards provide facilities for authoring large networks. But they provide little support for the associated task of making these networks intelligible to future readers. Presentation conventions may be imported from other related media, but because the conventions have not yet been negotiated within a community of hypertext readers and writers, they provide only a partial solution to the problem of guiding a reader through an existing network of information. In this paper we will discuss how a recent facility, Guided Tours, has been used to organize hypertext networks for presentation. The use of Guided Tours in NoteCards has exposed a set of authoring issues, and has provided us with examples of solutions to the problems associated with on-line presentations.
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pp	15-26

References

 

Title	Programmable Browsing Semantics in Trellis
Author	Richard Furuta, P. David Stotts
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
Abstract	In this report we outline a technique by which a hypertext system can offer flexible, programmable browsing behavior, or browsing semantics. Differences in the way documents are to be browsed can be specified by an author on a document-by-document basis, or by a style designer for an entire class of documents. The ability to specify and modify how a browser presents information is an important and useful property in general.
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pp	27-42

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Title	Hypermedia Topologies and User Navigation
Author	H. v.d. Parunak
Affiliation	Industrial Technology Institute, PO Box 1485, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA tel: 313-769-4049 e-mail:van@iti.org
Abstract	One of the major problems confronting users of large hypermedia systems is that of navigation: knowing where one is, where one wants to go, and how to get there from here. This paper contributes to this problem in three steps: first it articulates a number of navigational strategies that people use in physical (geographical) navigation; second, it correlates these with various graph topologies, showing how and why appropriately restricting the connectivity of a hyperbase can improve the ability of users to navigate. Third, it analyses some common hypermedia navigational mechanisms in terms of navigational strategies and graph topology.
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pp	43-50

References

 

Title	Design Issues for Multi-Document Hypertexts
Author	Robert J. Glushko
Affiliation	Search Technology Inc., 4725 Peachtree Corners Circle, Suite 200, Norcross, GA 30092
Abstract	Vannevar Bush conceived of hypertext as the computer glue that binds information from a wide variety of books, documents, communications, and other artifacts to enhance its accessibility and usefulness. However, most of the recent hyper-activity in research labs and in the marketplace falls short of Bush’s vision. Most hypertext software is oriented toward hypertext as a new form of writing via incremental combination of bits and pieces of information. These hypertext programs typically provide little support for converting existing information from its more linear printed form. Where hypertexts have been created from existing text, they generally have been converted from a single encyclopaedia, single reference document, or a single system’s documentation. Hypertexts that integrate the complete contents of more than one book or large document seem non-existent, even though the expected benefits from such multi-document hypertexts were the original motivation for the concept.
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pp	51-60

References

 

Title	Asynchronous Design/Evaluation Methods for Hypertext Technology Development
Author	Gary Perlman
Affiliation	Department of Computer and Information Science, The Ohio State University, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1277, USA E-mail: perlman@cis.ohio-state.edu
Abstract	A process model used in the design and evaluation of hypertext systems is discussed. The model includes asynchronous processes of task analysis, document analysis, literature survey and systems evaluation, interpretation of data, designing and building systems, and collecting data. For each process, experiences with NaviText SAM, a hypertext interface to a reference source, are discussed. A variety of new methods for evaluation of experimental systems are presented along with several empirical results.
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pp	61-81

References

 

Title	Towards a Design Language for Representing Hypermedia Cues
Author	Shelley Evenson and John Rheinfrank; with Wendie Wulff
Affiliation	Exploratory Design Lab, Fitch RichardsonSmith, Department of English, Carnegie Mellon University.
Abstract	Hypermedia Systems are no longer just interesting experimental software environments. They are common tools in the world of everyday work. People who do not program, but who are computer literate and who want to go beyond the capabilities of word processing, spreadsheet and presentation software packages now use systems like Apple’s Hypercard, Owl’s Guide, Silicon Beach’s Supercard and Xerox’s Notecards not only to communicate, but to perform tasks that involve creating and integrating knowledge. This raises som important issues for designers of hypermedia systems. One of the largest is how to represent which pieces of information are linked and which pieces aren’t, within a give system or task domain. This, in turn, raises the issue of standards. Should representations of hyperness be consistent across systems and work domains, or should there be indicidual standards for representing hyperness within systems and work domains. The advantage of a standard is that it may assist users in discovering or labeling what is or isn’t hyper across a wide variety of systems. The disadvantage is that a standard severely limits the opportunities of creating systems that are closely connected to the content of specific areas of work, work environments and work tools Thus the apparent choice is between adopting a rigid hypermedia cuing standard, or redesigning hypermedia cues for each application.
Keywords
pp	83-92

References

 

FACE="Book Antiqua" SIZE=2> Title	Facilitating the development of representations in hypertext with IDE
Author	Daniel S. Jordan, Daniel M. Russell, Anne-Marie S. Jensen, Russell A. Rogers
Affiliation	System Sciences Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems are used for a variety of representational tasks, many that involve fairly formalized structures. Because hypertext systems are generally intended for developing informal (unstructured data) and semi-formal (semantic networks) structures, developing more formal structures can be difficult. Regular patterns in structures must often be recreated from primitive elements (individual nodes and links) resulting in a high overhead cost. In this paper we describe the instructional design environment, or IDE, a hypertext system application that facilitates the rapid and accurate creation of regular network patterns in hypertext. IDE focuses on the task of instructional design, but its facilities are general and useful to many representation tasks. IDE features structure accelerators that provide simple menu interfaces to define network structures out of patterns of typed node and link connections, create new node types that contain structured content, and tailor the interface for creating crds, links and structures to focus attention during different stages of the representation task. These mechanisms allow the user to tailor the hypertext environment to better meet his or her representational needs. We also report on the field use of IDE by instructional designers.
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pp	93-104

References

 

Title	JANUS: Integrating hypertext with a knowledge-based design environment
Author	1. Gerhard Fischer, Raymond McCall and 2. Anders Morch
Affiliation	1. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309; 2. Intelligent Interfaces Group, NYNEX Science and Technology, White Plains, NY 10604
Abstract	Hypertext systems and other complex information stores offer little or no guidance in helping users find information useful for activities they are currently engaged in. Most users are not interested in exploring hypertext information spaces per se but rather in obtaining information to solve problems or accomplish tasks. As a step towards this we have developed the JANUS design environment. JANUS allows designers to construct artifacts in the domain of architectural design and at the same time to be informed about principles of design and the reasoning underlying them. This process integrates two design activities: construction and argumentation. Construction is supported by a hypertext system. Our empirical evaluations of JANUS and its predecessors has shown that integrated support for construction and argumentation is necessary for full support of design.
Keywords	hypertext, knowledge-based systems, construction, argumentation, informed design, human problem-domain communication, construction kits, design environments, issue-based information systems (IBIS), procedural hierarchy of issues (PHI) methodology
pp	105-117

References

 

Title	Towards an Integrated Maintenance Advisor
Author	Phil Hayes and Jeff Pepper
Affiliation	Carnegie Group Inc. 5 PPG Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Abstract
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pp	119-127

References

 

Title	Distributed Hypertext for Collaborative Research: The Virtual Notebook System
Author	F. M. Shipman III, R. Jesse Chaney, G. Anthony Gorry
Affiliation	Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
Abstract
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pp	129-135

References

 

Title	Sun’s Link Service: A Protocol for Open Linking
Author	Amy Pearl
Affiliation	Sun Microsystems, 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043
Abstract	Sun’s Link Service, a product shipped with Sun’s programming in the large software development environment, the Network Software Environment, allows users to make and maintain explicit and persistent bi-directional relationships between autonomous front-end applications. The Link Service defines a protocol for an extensible and loosely coupled, or open, hypertext system. An interesting instance of this is the ability to link to objects in closed hypertext systems if they integrate with the Link Service. The Link Service addresses link maintenance and automated versioning. Link end-points or nodes are defined by the integrating applications, and are not restricted to points, whole documents, or cards.
Keywords
pp	137-146

References

 

Title	A Visual Representation for Knowledge Structures
Author	Michael Travers
Affiliation	MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 e-mail: mt@media-lab.media.mit.edu
Abstract	Knowledge based systems often represent their knowledge as a network of interrelated units. Such networks are commonly presented to the user as a diagram of nodes connected by lines. These diagrams have provided a powerful visual metaphor for knowledge representation. However, their complexity can easily become unmanageable as the knowledge base (KB) grows. This paper describes an alternate visual representation for navigating knowledge structures based on a virtual museum metaphor. This representation uses nested boxes rather than linked nodes to represent relations. The intricate structure of the knowledge base is conveyed by a combination of position, size, color and font cues. MUE (Museum Unit Editor) was implemented using this representation to provide a graphic front end for the Cyc knowledge base.
Keywords
pp	147-158

References

 

Title	Using Hypertext in a Law Firm
Author	1. E. Yoder, 2. T. C. Wettach
Affiliation	1. Knowledge Workshop, 4750 Old William Penn Highway, Murrysville, Pennsylvania 15668 2. Reed Smith Shaw and McClay, James H. Reed Building, Mellon Square, 435 Sixth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219-1886
Abstract
Keywords
pp	159-167

References

 

Title	Hypertext Challenges in the Auditing Domain
Author	Laura DeYoung
Affiliation	Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, 68 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA94025 e-mail: deyoung@pw.com
Abstract	Auditing is the process by which an opinion is formed on the financial statements of a company by a group of outside professional accountants. Large numbers of documents pertaining to the company’s business are examined and many more are produced during an audit in order to arrive at and provide a basis for this opinion. These documents contain a wide variety of interrelated information. Capturing these interrelationships is essential to performing an effective audit. Currently, this is accomplished by using a highly-structured, manual hypertext system. While quite effective, the system is difficult and time-consuming to maintain, and can become unwieldy when conducting an audit for a very large company. We are in the process of developing an electronic system to meet the needs of this complex task. The complexity of the referencing system challenges current hypertext and user interface technology. At the same time, the structure of the domain affords an interesting application area within which to explore and more fully develop hypertext techniques. During the course of this project, we are exploring automatic generation of links, automatic generation of documents, hypertext path creation and access, creation of a typed-link topology for the domain, referencing of individual points and regions within documents, linking bodies of hypertext, and many other issues.
Keywords
pp	169-180

References

 

Title	Computational Hypertext in Biological Modelling
Author	J. L. Schnase, J. J. Leggett
Affiliation	Hypertext Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843
Abstract	This paper describes an application of hypertext to a biological research problem. An individual energetics model for Cassin’s Sparrow was developed in which the computations and intellectual activities associated with each phase of the research were performed within an integrated hypertext environment. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of computational hypertext in meeting the personal information management requirements of individual researchers in the natural sciences and its ability to speed the dissemination of research results within a community of scholars. Most important, the study shows how hypertext can be "phased in" to support traditional scholarship in disciplines that are otherwise slow to respond to emerging computer technologies.
Keywords	computational hypertext, hypertext publishing, information management, collaboration, simulation modelling, natural sciences
pp	181-197

References

 

Title	Information retrieval from hypertext: update on the dynamic medical handbook project
Author	Mark E. Frisse, Steve B. Cousins
Affiliation	Medical Informatics Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Computing and Department of Computer Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue (Box 8121), St. Louis, Missouri 63130 E-mail: frisse@wucs1.wustl.edu
Abstract	This paper attempts to provide a perspective from which to develop a more complete theory of information retrieval from hypertext documents. Viewing hypertexts as large information spaces, we compare two general classes of navigation methods, classes we call local and global. We argue that global methods necessitate some form of index space conceptually separate from the hypertext document space. We note that the architectures of both spaces effect the ease with which one can apply various information retrieval algorithms. We identify a number of different index space and document space architectures and we discuss some of the associated trade offs between hypertext functionality and computational complexity. We show how some index space architectures can be exploited for enhanced information retrieval, query refinement, and automated reasoning. Through analysis of a number of prototype systems, we discuss current limitations and future potentials for various hypertext information retrieval structures.
Keywords
pp	199-211

References

 

Title	A Retrieval Model for Incorporating Hypertext Links
Author	W. B. Croft, H. Turtle
Affiliation	Computer and Information Science Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
Abstract
Keywords
pp	213-224

References

 

Title	The Use of Cluster Hierarchies in Hypertext Information Retrieval
Author	Donald B. Crouch, Carolyn J. Crouch, Glenn Andreas
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota - Duluth, 320 Heller Hall, Duluth, Minnesota 55812
Abstract	The graph traversal approach to hypertext information retrieval is a conceptualization of hypertext in which the structural aspects of the nodes are emphasized. A user navigates through such hypertext systems by evaluating the semantics associated with links between nodes as well as the information contained in nodes. In this paper we describe a hierarchical structure which effectively supports the graphical traversal of a document collection in a hypertext system. We provide an overview of an interactive browser based on cluster hierarchies. Initial results obtained from the use of the browser in an experimental hypertext retrieval system are presented.
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pp	225-237

References

 

Title	The Matters that Really Matter for Hypertext Usability
Author	Jakob Nielsen
Affiliation	Technical University of Denmark, Department of Computer Science, Building 344, DK-2800 Lyngby Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: datJN@NEUVM1.bitnet
Abstract	We compare 92 benchmark measurements of various usability issues related to hypertext which have been published in the hypertext literature in order to find which ones have shown the largest effects.
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pp	239-248

References

 

Title	Expanding the Notion of Links
Author	Steven J. DeRosse
Affiliation	Summer Institute of Linguistics, 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TX 75236
Abstract	Research in the humanities, particularly in text-oriented fields such as Classics and Religious studies, poses particular challenges to hypertext and hypermedia systems. The complex set of primary and secondary documents form an intricate, highly interconnected network, for the representation of which hypertext is ideal. The variety and quantity of links which are needed pose challenges especially for data structures and for display and navigation tools. The specific needs arise in other contexts as well, particularly those with very large or complicated document collections. In this paper I shall classify and discuss these needs with illustrations from the CD-Word project at Dallas Theological Seminary, the Perseus Project at Harvard University, and a variety of other hypermedia systems.
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pp	249-257

References

 

Title	Hypertext and the Hyperreal
Author	Stuart Moulthrop
Affiliation	Department of English, Yale University, PO Box 7355, Yale Station, New Haven, Connectivut, 06520
Abstract
Keywords
pp	259-267

References

 

Title	Expressing Structural Hypertext Queries in GraphLog
Author	M. P. Consens, A. O. Mendelzon
Affiliation	Computer Systems Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A4
Abstract	GraphLog is a visual query language in which queries are formulated by drawing graph patterns. The hyperdocument graph is searched for all occurrences of these patterns. The language is powerful enough to allow the specification and manipulation of arbitrary subsets of the network and supports the computation of aggregate functions on subgraphs of the hyperdocument. It can support dynamically defined structures as well as inference capabilities, going beyond current static and passive hypertext systems. The expressive power of the language is a fundamental issue: too little power limits the applications of the language, while too much makes efficient implementation difficult and probably affects ease of use. The complexity and expressive power of GraphLog can be characterized precisely by using notions from deductive database theory and descriptive complexity. In this paper, from a practical point of view, we present examples of GraphLog queries applied to several different hypertext systems, providing evidence for the expressive power of the language, as well as for the convenience and naturalness of its graphical representation. We also describe an ongoing implementation of the language.
Keywords
pp	269-292

References

 

Title	VISAR: A System for Inference and Navigation in Hypertext
Author	Peter Clitherow, Doug Riecken, Michael Muller
Affiliation	Bellcore, 444 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
Abstract	Hypertext systems have traditionally been constructed by hand. This process can stand improvement in several aspects: it is laborious; requires a human to understand the text and infer all the relationships between the concepts/topics; and while the resulting hypertext may be traversed by a reader in an arbitrary fashion, s/he may still find it difficult to understand the concepts as expressed by the builder of the hypertext. We present a knowledge-intensive assistant for building hypertext fragments from a knowledge base customised both explicitly and implicitly by a user. Such a presentation may clarify relationships between concepts that were present implicitly in multiple sources of information. In the domain of an intelligent information retrieval system, we show how such an assistant may render customised views of knowledge extracted in a manageable form. While the presentation medium of the original system is graphic, we also speculate that presentation of the information in alternative hypermedia appears to be straightforward.
Keywords
pp	293-304

References

 

Title	What to do when there’s too much information
Author	Michael Lesk
Affiliation	Bellcore, 445 South Street, Morristown, NJ 07960-1910
Abstract	Hypertext systems with small units of text are likely to drown the user with information, in the same way that online catalogs or bibliographic retrieval systems often do. Experiments with a catalog of 800,000 book citations have shown two useful ways of dealing with the too many hits problem. One is a display of phrases containing the excessively frequent words; another is a display of titles by hierarchical category. The same techniques should apply to other text-based retrieval systems. In general, interactive solutions seem more promising than attempts to do detailed query analysis and get things right first time.
Keywords
pp	305-318

References

 

Title	The Role of External Representations in the Writing Process: implications for the design of hypertext-based writing tools
Author	Christine M. Neuwirth, David S. Kaufer
Affiliation	English Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
Abstract	The long-range goal of the research reported here is to study the role of hypertext-based external representations in augmenting performance on a cognitively complex task, in particular, on a synthesis writing task. The production of a written synthesis is a challenging task that requires managing large amounts of information over an extended period of time. Thus, synthesis writing is a task that is well-suited for testing the potential of hypertext technologies to support work on complex tasks. From a case study of experts and novices, we have developed a theory of the cognitive processes involved in producing written synthesis. We have also developed a preliminary theory of the role of external representations in the writing process. We have drawn upon these two theories to design several hypertext-based external representations that we believe will augment writers’ performance on a written synthesis task. The hypertext-based applications include a general graph object and a table object. These objects form the foundation for a set of specialized tools to support synthesis writing, namely, a summary graph, synthesis grid and synthesis tree.
Keywords
pp	319-340

References

 

Title	From Ideas and Arguments to Hyperdocuments: travelling through activity spaces
Author	Norbert A. Streitz, Jorg Hannemann, Manfred Thuring
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung mbH, Dolivostrasse 15, D-6100 Darmstadt, F. R. Germany
Abstract
Keywords
pp	343-364

References

 

Title	InterNote: Extending a hypermedia framework to support annotative collaboration
Author	Timothy Catlin, Paulette Bush, Nicole Yankelovich
Affiliation	Institute for Research In Infromation and Scholarship (IRIS), Brown University, Box 1946, Providence, RI 02912
Abstract	Based on three years of user feedback, a design team at IRIS embarked on a project to enhance intermedia to better support small groups of collaborators, particularly those involved with document review and revision. Towards this end, we defined user-level requirements for the new functionality. The result of this procees was the design and implementation of InterNote. One aspect of InterNote involves a fundamental extension to Intermedia’s navigational linking paradigm. Instead of simply being able to traverse links, users are now also able to transfer data across the links using a technique we call warm linking. In this paper we describe extensions to our hypermedia framework to support annotative collaboration, including the user interface of the new linking functionality and the InterNote extension. Finally, we discuss our plans for future work.
Keywords
pp	365-378

References

1990 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Building Hypertext on a multimedia toolkit: an overview of Andrew Toolkit Hypermedia Facilities
Year	1990
Author	M. Sherman, W. J. Hansen, M. McInerny, T. Neuendorgger
Affiliation	Information Technology Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4910 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA E-mail: mss+echt90@andrew.cmu.edu
Abstract	This paper discusses several hypermedia facilities built on top of the Andrew Toolkit (ATK) and their use in ATK applications. As a general-purpose, multimedia, application-development system, ATK permits many kinds of links, references and other connections to be made within pieces of content and between pieces of content, regardless of the content’s medum. We argue that starting with a multimedia architecture facilitates the construction of all forms of hypermedia Four specific hypermedia facilities implemented with ATK are discussed: an integrated web and indexing system (help), a simple multimedia link facility (link), a cross reference (Textref) capability, and a link-supporting embedded object language (Ness). As a toolkit, ATK is used to build other applications which inherit ATK’s hypermedia facilities. Therefore we consider briefly the way that hypermedia facilities are used in conventional applications, such as mail systems.
Keywords	hypertext, implementation, multimedia
pp	13-24

References

 

Title	The Toolkit Approach to Hypermedia
Year	1990
Author	1. J. J. Puttress; 2. N. M. Guimaraes
Affiliation	1. AT&T Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974-2070, USA 2. INESC, R. Alves Redol, 9, 60, 1000Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract	Hypermedia systems are usually developed as a single, self-contained application making the system specialized and difficult to retool for other applications. Thus each system requires the redevelopment of hypermedia storage and display capabilities. As long as developers need to write underlying hypermedia mechanisms, it remains impractical to extend hypermedia to many new domains. Our effort focuses on developing a toolkit that can be used by developers to add hypermedia functionality to their tools, independent of their particular application or environment. By doing this, we gain flexibility and provide a common framework allowing applications to share information and user interface capabilities. The toolkit provides a simply hypermedia data model and an object-oriented user interface. The data model stores the underlying hypermedia structure and the application’s data. The user interface model separates the data and the view components of the objects, which permits the construction of interfaces independent of the final display platform. The combination of these two components provides a powerful toolkit capable of either adding a touch of hypermedia to an application or constructing a monolithic hypermedia system. We describe the constraints of our development environments, our toolkit, and some typical applications of the toolkit, as well as our future plans.
Keywords	hypermedia, user interfaces, CASE
pp	25-37

References

 

Title	Scenario-Based Hypermedia: a model and a system
Year	1990
Author	Ryuichi Ogawa, Hiroaki Harada, Asao Kaneko
Affiliation	NEC Corporation, C&C Information Technology Research Laboratories, 4-1`-1 Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213, Japan
Abstract	This paper discusses an extended hypermedia model which presents data according to timed scripts. The model is intended to expand the notion of nodes and lins, so that hypermedia systems can easily handle time-based, media-composite data objects, including audio and video. It provides script-based nodes to present text-graphic and audio visual data synchronously and buttons to control the data sequence. Based on this model, a prototype hypermedia system Videobook has been implemented and used experimentally. This paper also discusses the authoring issues and educational applications developed on Videobook.
Keywords	multimedia. Scene node, trigger button, script, videobook
pp	38-51

References

 

Title	A hypertext model supporting query mechanisms
Year	1990
Author	Foto Afrati, Constantinos D. Koutras
Affiliation	National Technical University of Athens, Division of Computer Science, Department of Electrical Engineering, 157073 Zographou, Athens, Greece. E-mail: afrati@theseas.ntua.gr; koutras@theseas.ntus.gr
Abstract	A formal model of hypertext is described in this paper. The purpose is two-fold: building on Garg’s work to enhance his model so as to express advanced features of hypertesxt systems (such as structured nodes, scripts, typed and attributed links); and to demonstrate the expressive power of the model by showing that several problems concerning knowledge organization, browsing and navigation in the hyperspace, may have a simple solution in the framework of the model, as a result of a powerful query mechanism. The principles and fundamentals of the model are defined in detail, while its power and simplicity is illustrated by presenting some simple examples of information organization in hypertext fashion.
Keywords	hypertext, node, link, script, button, region
pp	52-66

References

 

Title	A logical query language for hypertext systems
Year	1990
Author	Catriel Beeri, Yoram Knoratzky
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science/Leibniz Center for Research in Computer Science, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. E-mail: {beeri, yoramk}@hujics
Abstract	The search capabilities of hypertext systems are currently limited to retrieving collections of nodes and links based on predicates on their attributes and contents. To support sophisticated applications and user-tailored views of a hypertext document, we need a query language able to retrieve parts of a hypertext based on a specification of their structure. We present a logical query language permitting the formulation of such structural queries over hypertext. While the language is propositional, it includes a general notion of quatifier of the form appropriate for hypertext networks. Quantifiers are used for expressing formulas of the form: for most paths from the current node, claim X holds. In particular, most quantified assertions in natural language are directly represented in our logic. Formulas in the language are used for a declarative definition of sophisticated user-tailored views of a hypertext document.
Keywords	query languages, views, generalized quantifiers
pp	67-80

References

 

Title	A Model for Hypertext-based Information Retrieval
Year	1990
Author	Dario Lucarella
Affiliation	Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Informazione, Universita degli studi di Milano, via Moretto da Brescia 9, 1-20133 Milano, Italy; Centro Ricerca di Automatica, Enel, Via Volta 1, 1-20093 ColognoM (Mi) Italy.
Abstract	This paper approaches the problem of information retrieval from hyeprtext. Int his context, the retrieval process is regarded as a process of inference that can be carried out either by the user exploring the hypertext network (browsing_ or by the system, exploiting the hypertext network as a knowledge base (searching). That is the reason why a comprehensive model should take into account both of the perspectives, combining effectively browsing and searching in a unified framework. In the following, such a model is defined and implementation issues are outlined for a hypertext-based information retrieval system.
Keywords	hypertext models, information retrieval, knowledge-based systems, intelligent searching, plausible reasoning
pp	81-94

References

 

Title	HyperBase: a hypermedia engine based on a relational database management system
Year	1990
Author	Helge A Schutt, Norbert A. Streitz
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, GMD-IPSI, PO Box 104326, D-6100 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany E-mail: schuett@darmstadt.gmd.dbp.de
Abstract	Hypertext systems are valuable tools for creating, restructuring, and presenting information bases. Until now, little has been done with respect to the underlying data model and even less with respect to system support for such a model. This leads to a significant mismatch between sophisticated organizational structures at the user interface level and the actual storage of persistent objects in simple file systems. Therefore, we have developed a general data model for hypertext data and implemented that model with the help of a database system. Here we exploit the fairly complex functionality of a commercially available relational database management system to implement a general purpose hypermedia engine which we call HyperBase
Keywords	datamodels of hypertext, hypertext abstract machines, DBMS support for hypertext systems
pp	95-108

References

 

Title	Hyperindices: a novel aid for searching in hypermedia
Year	1990
Author	P. D. Bruza
Affiliation	Department of Information Systems, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E-mail: peterb@cs.kun.nl
Abstract	In this article the formal basis of hyperindices is given. Hyperindices are a new means for supporting effective search in hypermedia. The basis of the hyperindex, the so-called index expression, is treated in detail. It is shown how the hyperindex can be constructed using the structural properties of the index expression. The hyperindex is placed in a general framework for indexes which features quantitative and qualitative criteria with which index effectiveness can be judged.
Keywords	hypertext, information retrieval, indexing
pp	109-122

References

 

Title	Intelligent Hypertext for normative knowledge in engineering
Year	1990
Author	D. Schwabe, B. Feijo, W. G. Krause
Affiliation	Departamental de Informatica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica - RJ, R. Marques de S. Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22453, Brasil
Abstract	We present a system that combines hypertext with a semantic representation of engineering norms. Since the representation is done via a Prolog encoding of an And/Or graph, it is possibleto discuss the relation between the execution of the representation of the norm and navigation in the hypertext. The system incorporates an interpretation of the norm by experts, and it is shown how this interpretation can be regarded also as an hyperview onto the hypertext.
Keywords	norms, prolog, knowledge based systems
pp	123-136

References

 

Title	Author’s Argumentation Assistant: A hypertext based authoring tool for argumentative texts
Year	1990
Author	1. Wolfgang Schuler; 2. John B. Smith
Affiliation	1. Integrated publication and information systems institute, PO Box 104326, D-6100 Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. E-mail: schuler@darmstadt.gmd.dbp.de 2. Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, CB#3175 Sitterson Hall, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3175, USA. E-mail: jbs@cs.unc.edu
Abstract	We present the conceptualization and implementation of AAA, a prototype authoring tool for creating argumentation based hyperdocuments. AAA is part of a more comprehensive effort of GMD-IPSI, where the hypertext authoring system SEPIA (Structured Elicitation and Processing of Ideas for Authoring) is developed. AAA will be used for writing and design experiments the results of which will be used in the design of SEPIA. It is designed to support the creation of argumentation patterns in accordance with the IBIS/PHI model combined with a micro argumentation structure according to Toulmin. For rapid prototyping purposes it has been implemented as a hypertext system using the Writing Environment WE developed at UNC. AAA uses a combination of different independent but cooperating modes of operation dedicated to different cognitive tasks of the argumentative writing process. The entire argumentation structure is represented as a layered network of typed nodes and links in which different layers correspond to different levels of abstraction.
Keywords	authoring system, hypertext application, argumentation model
pp	137-151

References

 

Title	PHIDIAS: integrating CAD graphics into dynamic hypertext
Year	1990
Author	R. J. McCall, P. R. Bennett, P. S. D’Oronzio, J. L. Ostwald, F. M. Shipman, N. F. Wallace
Affiliation	University of Colorado at Boulder, College of Environmental Design, Boulder, CO80309, USA
Abstract	PHIDIAS is a hypermedia system for supporting environmental design. It embodies a theory of design as continual alteration between two complementary activities: construction of solution form and argumentation about construction. To support theses activities it implements a number of advanced hypermedia concepts. These include an applicative query language providing search by both structure and content, virtual structures, composite graphic nodes, query based graphic clustering, and triggered queries which connect construction acts to relevant sections of the argumentative network. PHIDIAS constitutes a new type of integrated information environment for design.
Keywords	hypermedia, CAD, IRIS, virtual structures
pp	152-165

References

 

Title	An Integrated approach of knowledge acquisition by the hypertext system CONCORDE
Year	1990
Author	M. Hofmann, U. Schreiweis, H. Langendorfer
Affiliation	TU Braunschweig, Institut fur Betriebssysteme und Rechnerverbund, Bultenweg 74/75, D-3300 Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
Abstract	Knowledge acquisition is a crucial issue in developing expert systems. We describe a particular prototype of a hypertext system called CONCORDE that is able to support the entire process of knowledge acquisition. Since hypertext can be seen as a special structuring of various information units plus a fitting form of presentation, the data model of CONCORDE is discussed as well as its graphical browser.
Keywords	knowledge acquisition, typed links, CONCORDE
pp	166-179

References

 

Title	Hierarchy, Composition, Scripting Languages, and Translators for Structured Hypertext
Year	1990
Author	P. D. Stotts, R. Furuta
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Abstract	In this paper we describe a hypertext translator-generator system that uses xted, the visual petri net editor from the xtrellis hypertext system, to specify the semantic component of a string to graph translation. XTed specified parsers convert general authoring notations into structured xTrellis documents for browsing. The operative mechanism is termed a pair grammar, in which a string grammar and a graph grammar are paired in a one-to-one correspondence, When an xTed-specified parser reduces by one of its string grammar productions, the corresponding production in its graph grammar is used to generate a portion of the Petri net that implements that syntax. The use of pair grammars in conjunction with the Trellis model results in a general method of defining hypertext strucutre that is both hierarchical and compositional.
Keywords	hierarchy, graph grammar, translation, trellis, petri nets
pp	180-193

References

 

Title	Links and Structures in hypertext databases for law
Year	1990
Author	E. Wilson
Affiliation	Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
Abstract	This paper considers the need to automate the conversion of traditional legal documents into an integrated hypertext database. It describes how this has been done at the University of Kent at Canterbury by the Justus suite of programs, which converts legal documents of diverse structures to run under the Guide hypertext system. It discusses the types of links the system uses to cater for linear and hierarchical structures; directed graphs; annotational or associative links; index or concept links. It then discusses how these links can create different virtual structures for the document collection to give flexibility of access and navigation. Some of these mirror structures which exist in traditional paper systems; others are unique to computerised systems. Next it considers the use of embedded expert systems to steer variable paths through the documents. Finally it summarises the achievements so far, and the goals ahead.
Keywords	hypertext links, hypertext structures, information retrieval, law
pp	194-210

References

 

Title	An Apprentice that discovers hypertext links
Year	1990
Author	M. Bernstein
Affiliation	Eastgate Systems Inc. PO Box 1307, Cambridge, MA 02238 USA +1 617 924-9044
Abstract	A simple apprentice that proposes new content links in hypertexts has been added to the Hypergate hypertext environment, and its behavior and performance are evaluated under realistic conditions. Despite a fundamentally lexical approach, the link apprentice finds a significant number of intriguing and meaningful links very quickly and without substantial overhead.
Keywords	indexing, authoring systems, apprentices, tours, information retrieval
pp	212-223

References

 

Title	Towards an aesthetics of hypertext systems. A semiotic approach
Year	1990
Author	Peter Bogh Andersen
Affiliation	Department of Information and Media Science, University of Aarhus, Niels Juelsgade 84, DK-8200 Arhus, Denmark E-mail: pba@daimi.dk
Abstract	In hypertext the reader can choose between several reading paths, and this is an essential characteristic of the medium. Composing paths that give meaningful readings is an important task for the hypertext author, but so far very little is known of the rhetorics of paths. Based on the practical work of evaluating hypertext exercises written by students, the paper gives examples of errors of composition and sets up a conceptual framework, borrowed from semiotics, for discussing aesthetic issues of hypertext design. The concepts are intended to make it easier for the author to design the product from a reader’s point of view, and an authoring tool supporting these concepts is sketched. Finally, the paper illustrates how insights from text stylistics and film aesthetics can be usefully exploited in the field of hypertext.
Keywords	models of hypertext, authoring systems, models of reading and writing, aesthetics, semiotics
pp	224-237

References

 

Title	Linking considered harmful
Year	1990
Author	L. De Young
Affiliation	Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, 68 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94303 E-mail: deyoung@pw.com
Abstract	Arbitrary linking of data in hypertext allows for great flexibility, but the result is often hypertext in which users readily become disoriented. Where possible, it is desirable to provide support for structuring hypertext in a way that makes it easier to organize and understand. This can be done by identifying the underlying structure of the ways specific sets of data are related. Providing support for use of such structures in a hypertext system may yield benefits similar to those found in using higher-level programming constructs in programs.
Keywords	hypermedia, structure, disorientation
pp	238-249

References

 

Title	Interactive text processing by inexperienced (hyper-) readers
Year	1990
Author	J. F. Rouet
Affiliation	Universite de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Langage -URA CNRS 666, 95avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers-Cedex, France
Abstract	This paper focuses on the development of cognitive strategies in secondary school students, when learning to use electronic non-linear documents. We study the costs and benefits of learning through nonlinear texts, from a psycholinguistic point of view. In the course of two experimental sessions, 148 11-12 and 13-14 year old secondary school students were trained to use an interactive text-presentation software. Parameters such as the expression of relationships, selection marking, and pagination influenced both local and global aspects of nonlinear reading. Training improved orientation strategies at both academic levels. Implications of these results for the design of instructional nonlinear documents are discussed.
Keywords	cognitive strategy, instructional text, interface organization, orientation, training
pp	250-260

References

 

Title	Non-Intrusive Hypertext Anchors and individual colour markings
Year	1990
Author	W. J. Irler, G. Barbieri
Affiliation	Istituto di informatica, Universita di Trento, via Rosmini, 42, I-38100 Trento, Italy. E-mail: IRLER@IRST.UUCP
Abstract	One interface feature of hypertext systems is the visualization of the link anchors, often in form of buttons which invite to click on. This functional information increases the cognitive load while reading a text on the computer. Comprehension of the presented material competes with the orientation in the hypertext. The paper treats the cognitive arguments, and explores interface and back-end questions related to this problem. A browsing model is developed which proposes a button-less screen, a click-anywhere suggestion, and pop-up local maps as a selection and preview mechanism. Links are finally activated by mouse movements towards a destination area, rather than by still button pressing. As a way to individualize and restructure the visual aspect of the pages, the reader can permanently mark selected words with colour, marked words may be added to a keyword index which is linked back to the text. An experimental implementation uses ToolBook, a scripted construction set in MS-Windows 3.0. The design issues and some results are described for an educational application concerning pendulums.
Keywords	invisible anchors, text marking, browsing model
pp	261-273

References

 

Title	Satellite: hypermedia navigation by affinity
Year	1990
Author	X. Pintado, D. Tsichritzis
Affiliation	Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Universite de Geneve, 12 rue du Lac, CH-1207 Geneve, Switzerland
Abstract	Satellite is an exploration tool for a hypermedia environment. Navigation support is based on the concept of affinity between objects; that is, a relationship with an associated intensity. The user is presented with a two dimensional representation that provides a view of the hypermedia environment where objects lying close together have some affinity in the sense defined by a chosen measure. The system provides for multiple views by modifying the underlying measure of affinity. Satellite promotes hypermedia navigation by context-dependent proximity. Based on the affinity concept, we develop a dynamic layout algorithm for the display of views. Because the views are based on affinity information, the links of the hypergraph do not appear explicitly.
Keywords
pp	274-287

References

 

Title	Browsing in Hyperdocuments with the Assistance of Neural Network
Year	1990
Author	F. Biennier, M. Guivarch, J-M. Pinon
Affiliation	Laboratoire d’Informatique Appliquee, INSA de Lyon, Batiment 502, F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France Tel: 33-72-43-83-83 ext. 5504 Fax: 33-72-44-08-00
Abstract	The high degree of freedom a user has to browse through a hyperdocument often makes him puzzled. His main problems are first the expression of his informal need, sometimes using ideas associations, then finding the path in the hyperspace to reach relevant information. The guiding system proposed in this paper enriches the hyperdocument structure with undirect semantic links, ie associations between nodes according to their contents. Nodes contents are connected to multimedia keywords called tags; direct and reverse associations between nodes and tags are embedded in a bidirectional neural network which allows inductive retrieval. One user controls the process thanks to some simple parameters: specialisation level for selected nodes, prevision of tags, inertia selector, tolerance functions for specialization and precision spreads. Upon request, the system dynamically raises a path that organizes the results of a query, contextual or not, adaptively taking into account users profile and special needs. Weights in the neural network may also be slightly corrected from experience, adapting the association capability to users on their average.
Keywords	semantic browsing, neural network, dynamic path
pp	288-297

References

 

Title	Microcosm: an open model for hypermedia with dynamic linking
Year	1990
Author	A. M. Fountain, W. Hall, I. Heath, H. C. Davis
Affiliation	Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO9 5NH
Abstract	There are currently a number of commercially available hypertext and hypermedia systems, of varying levels of sophistication and usability, but there are still many problems to be resolved in the design of such systems. In this paper, we itemise some of the major problems that we have identified as possibly causing a barrier to growth and development of hypermedia applications outside the research community. A model of an open hypermedia architecture with dynamic linking features is proposed that moves some way to resolving these problems, and the first implementation of the system, Microcosm, is presented and discussed.
Keywords	hypertext, multimedia, dynamic linking
pp	298-311

References

 

Title	Inside Macintosh as Hypertext
Year	1990
Author	Brian Bechtel
Affiliation	Apple Computer, Inc. 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014 USA Internet: blob@apple.com
Abstract	SpInside Macintosh is a hypertext compact disc version of Inside Macintosh, the multi-volume programmer’s reference work for the Macintosh family of computers. SpInside Macintosh is implemented in HyperCard and distributed on CD-ROM. We describe the design decisions and principles we followed in creating SpInside Macintosh. We also give user feedback and a retrospective critique of the design.
Keywords	inside Macintosh, CD-ROM, hypertext
pp	312-323

References

 

Title	Hypertext from the Data Point of View: Paths and Links in the Perseus Project
Year	1990
Author	E. Mylonas, S. Heath
Affiliation	Department of the Classics, 319 Boylston Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
Abstract	The Perseus Project is building a system for studying classical Greece, incorporating into it several different types of source material. In order to minimize system development time, and to make it accessible to the users of the system faster, it is being developed on Macintosh computers, using HyperCard. This paper describes two navigational methods that have been created in Perseus: generalized linking, and paths. They were chosen because they could provide the most flexibility and the most functionality. Their implementation is briefly described, as well.
Keywords	linking, navigation, paths, Perseus Project
pp	324-336

References

1991 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Industrial Strength Hypermedia: Requirements for a Large Engineering Enterprise
Year	1991
Author	1. K. C. Malcolm, 2. S. E. Poltrock, D. Schuler
Affiliation	1. Applied Media Technologies, Boeing Computer Services, PO Box 24346, MS6C-98, Seattle, WA, 98124-0346 E-mail: malcolm@atc.boeing.com 2. Computer Science, Computer Services, PO Box 24346, MS7L-64, Seattle, WA, 98124-0346 E-mail: {poltrock, douglas}@atc.boeing.com
Abstract	Current hypermedia tools do not support the needs of collaborative work groups in distributed heterogeneous environments and cannot be integrated into the existing and planned computing environments at large enterprises like Boeing. It is in meeting these needs, however, that hypermedia could make its greatest impact. Hypermedia systems must evolve beyond their current standalone status into a technology that is truly integrative. We use a description of some current hypermedia projects and a representative future scenario to help identify technical requirements and strategies for developing and deploying hypermedia that is of sufficient "industrial strength" to support a large engineering enterprise. This paper is addressed to hypermedia researchers and developers as well as to our colleagues in other business and engineering organizations. The intent of this paper is to remind both the research and development communities of the urgent "real-world" needs that exist and to encourage dialogue between the two worlds.
Keywords	Engineering applications, requirements, interoperability, deployment
pp	13-24

References , Full text

 

Title	Using Hypertext in Selecting Reusable Software Components
Year	1991
Author	M . L. Creech, D. F. Freeze, M. L. Griss
Affiliation	Software and Systems Laboratory, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Road, Building 1U, Palo Alto, California 94304. E-mail: freeze@hplabs.hp.com
Abstract	Recently, there has been increasing interest in software reuse as a way to improve software quality and productivitiy. One of the major problems with reusing libraries of software components is helping users effectively select (find and understand) components of interest. This paper explores the use of hypertext to enhance the process of component selection through a prototype system called Kiosk. Included are discussions of the selection process, why hypertext is well suited for supporting selection, and important characteristics of hypertext systems intended to support reuse. Also discussed are how reusable libraries can be structured using hypertext, how such libraries can be mechanically built, and how their use enhances the component selection process. Kiosk consists of an open set of tools that can create, browse and modify nodes and links in a software library. One of these tools, Cost++, can automatically generate a linked structure for libraries by clustering workproducts into components, and then placing components into multiple classification hierarchies. The Kiosk browsing tools allow users to peruse the components in libraries, examine library structures from multiple perspectives, and add new links and nodes to enhance the standard library structure.
Keywords	software reuse, software libraries, component selection, hypertext, Kiosk
pp	25-38

References , Full text

 

Title	Intellectural Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext Publishing Systems: an analysis of Xanadu
Year	1991
Author	1. Pamela Samuelson, 2. Robert J. Glushko
Affiliation	1. University of Pittsburgh School of Law 2. Hypertext Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA
Abstract	Copyright law is being applied to works in digital form. The special character of digital media will inevitably require some adjustments in the copyright model if digital libraries and hypertext publishing environments are to become as commercially viable as the print industries have been. An intellectual property system works only when it embodies a reasonably accurate model of how people are likely to behave, but it is hard to predict author and reader behavior in an environment that has yet to be built. By far the most ambitious proposal for a digital library and hypertext publishing environment is Ted Nelson’s Xanadu system. This paper reviews the intellectual property scheme in Xanadu, and contrasts it with current copyright law. Xanadu’s predictions about reader and author behavior are examined in light of how people currently behave in computer conferencing, electronic mail, and similar existing systems. These analyses identify some respects in which intellectual property systems might have to be changed to make digital libraries and hypertext publishing systems viable.
Keywords
pp	39-50

References , Full text

 

Title	Indexing Hypertext Documents in Context
Year	1991
Author	Guy A. Boy
Affiliation	NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 244-17, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA Tel: 415-604-3369 E-mail: boy@ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov
Abstract	To generate intelligent indexing that allows context-sensitive information retrieval, a system must be able to acquire knowledge directly through interaction with users. In this paper, we present the architecture for CID (Computer Integrated Documentation), a system that enables integration of various technical documents in a hypertext framework and includes an intelligent browsing system that incorporates indexing in context. CID’s knowledge-based indexing mechanism allows case-based knowledge acquisition by experimentation. It utilizes on-line user information requirements and suggestions either to reinforce current indexing in case of success or to generate new knowledge in case of failure. This allows CID’s intelligent interface system to provide helpful responses, even when no a priori user model is available. Our system in fact learns how to exploit a user model based on experience (from user feedback). We describe CID’s current capabilities and provide an overview of our plans for extending the system..
Keywords	contextual indexing, information retrieval, tailorable system, context acquisition, hypertext
pp	51-61

References , Full text

 

Title	Identifying Aggregates in Hypertext Structures
Year	1991
Author	R. A. Botafogo and B. Shneiderman
Affiliation	Human-computer Interaction Laboratory and Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Abstract	Hypertext systems are being used in many applications because of their flexible structure and the great browsing freedom they give to diverse communities of users. However, this same freedom and flexibility is the cause of one of its main problems: the "lost in hyperspace" problem. One reason for the complexity of hypertext databases is the large number of nodes and links that compose them. To simplify this structure we propose that nodes and links be clustered forming more abstract structures. An abstraction is the concealment of all but relevant properties from an object or concept. One type of abstraction is called an aggregate. An aggregate is a set of distinct concepts that taken together form a more abstract concept. For example, two legs, a trunk, two arms and a head can be aggregated together in a single higher level object called a body. In this paper we will study the hypertext structure, ie the way nodes are linked to each other in order to find aggregates in hypertext databases. Two graph theoretical algorithms will be used: biconnected components and strongly connected components.
Keywords	hypertext, structural analysis, graph theory, abstraction, aggregation, generalization
pp	63-74

References , Full text

 

Title	Implementing Hypertext Database Relationships through Aggregations and Exceptions
Year	1991
Author	1. Y. Hara; 2. A. M. Keller; 3. G. Widerhold
Affiliation	1. NEC Corporation and Stanford University; 2. Advanced Decision Systems and Stanford University; 3. Stanford University. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305-2140, USA
Abstract	In order to combine hypertext with database facilities, we show how to extract an effective storage structure from given instance relationships. The schema of the structure recognizes clusters and exceptions. Extracting high-level structures is useful for providing a high performance browsing environment as well as efficient phsyical database design, especially when handling large amounts of data. This paper focuses on a clustering method, ACE, which generates aggregations and exceptions from the original graph structure in order to capture high-level relationships. The problem of minimizing the cost function is NP-complete. We use a heuristic approach based on an extended Kernighan-Lin algorithm. We demonstrate our method on a hypertext application and on a standard random graph, compared with its analytical model. The storage reductions of input database size in main memory were 77.2% and 12.3% respectively. It was also useful for secondary storage organization for efficient retrieval.
Keywords	hypertext database, physical database design, database clustering, overview diagram, aggregation, exception
pp	75-90

References , Full text

 

Title	Screen management in hypertext systems with rubber sheet layouts
Year	1991
Author	1. Marc Kaltenbach; 2. Francois Robillard, Claude Frasson
Affiliation	1. Department of Management and Information Sciences, Bishops University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada, J1M 1Z7 2. Departement Informatique et Recherche Operationnelle, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128 succursale A, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
Abstract	This paper addresses the issue of screen management in hypertext systems. It presents a new way of placing windows, or any graphical object delimited by rectangular boundaries, in the context of an existing set of windows. The heart of the technique presented is a particular re-scaling of the display which changes the locations of objects while maintaining their sizes and avoiding object overlapping. This functionality has uses both for authoring and browsing hypertext documents. In particular it enables the display of hierarchically structured information at various levels of detail and complements other visual graph management functions. More generally, the objective is to attenuate the feeling of disorientation users experience when related informations obtained through hypertext browsing are stacked upon a display screen. This work suggests extending hypertext systems by enabling users to create well structured information "collages" and to program animated presentations on the basis of browsing through ill or differently structured collections of documents.
Keywords	collage, graph, hypertext, motion picture, rubber sheet layout, scale factor, tack point
pp	91-105

References , Full text

 

Title	Cybermap: yet another way of navigating in hyperspace
Year	1991
Author	Peter A. Gloor
Affiliation	Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
Abstract	By integrating dynamic linking and automatic link generation in to the automatic generation of an overview map we get a unique tool for navigation in hyperspace. We introduce the concept of Hyperdrawers to get a means for the partitioning of nodes in ordered sequences. Cybermap either complements existing navigational aids for hyperdocuments or provides a self-sufficient navigation tool for browsing in a document. In addition, Cybermap offers the capability of horizontal growth and easy hypertextualization of non-hypertextual documents without restricting the use of already installed browsing mechanisms besides Cybermap
Keywords	overview map, automatic link generation, dynamic linking, fisheye views, hypertext conversion, navigation in hyperspace
pp	107-122

References , Full text

 

Title	Flying through Hypertext
Year	1991
Author	Patrick Lai, Udi Manber
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721
Abstract	Hypertext systems provide links between different pieces of information (text, figures, pictures, etc.) so that the reader can follow many different paths corresponding to lines of thoughts, levels of description, levels of details and so on. One of the main problems in using hypertext systems is the navigation problem. Users tend to get lost partly because the information they are reading can have a complicated structure which is usually unknown to them. We study in this paper a technique to help users orient themselves by a quick browsing, which we can flying, through hypertext. … Our tool is analogous to flipping the pages of a book with one notable exception: the flipping is not necessarily in a linear order. The availability of the links and the structure that they provide enable flexible flipping in many different orders controlled by the reader. The key to any flipping is speed. The goal is not to digest the contents of the pages, but rather to gain some insight to features such as organization, size, depth, level, detail, and so on. Another analogy is to seeing a movie, or better yet a videodisk, in fast forward. There are certain characteristics of the movie that can be studied better that way. Flying can also be used to move fast from one place to another in the hypertext following a certain order of traversal. Flying is not intended to replace any of the other navigation tools: it is an additional tool.
Keywords
pp	123-132

References , Full text

 

Title	Hyperspeech: Navigating in speech-only hypermedia
Year	1991
Author	B. Arons
Affiliation	MIT Media Laboratory, 20 Ames Street, E15-353, Cambridge, MA 02139 E-mail: barons@media-lab.mit.edu
Abstract	Most hypermedia systems emphasize the integration of graphics, images, video and audio into a traditional hypertext framework. The hyperspeech system described in this paper, a speech-only hypermedia application, explores issues of navigation and system architecture ina n audio environment without a visual display. The system under development uses speech recognition to manoeuver in a database of digitally recorded speech segments; synthetic speech is used for control information and user feedback. In this research prototype, recorded audio interviews were segmented by topic, and hypertext-style links were added to connect logically related comments and ideas. The software architecture is data driven, with all knowledge embedded in the links and nodes, allowing the software that traverses through the network to be straightforward and concise. Several user interfaces were prototyped, emphasizing different styles of speech interaction and feedback between the user and machine. In addition to the issues of navigation in a speech-only database, areas of continuing research include dynamically extending the database, use of audio and voice cues to indicate landmarks, and the simultaneous presentation of multiple channels of speech information.
Keywords
pp	133-146

References , Full text

 

Title	Hypermedia Templates: an author’s tool
Year	1991
Author	1.Karen Smith Catlin, L. Nancy Garrett; 2. Julie Launhardt
Affiliation	1. Institute for Information and Scholarship, Brown University, Box 1946 Providence, RI02912, USA 2. Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group, PO Box 3707, Mail Stop OF-HA Seattle, WA 98124-2207, USA
Abstract	Recently Brown University’s Institute for research in information and Scholarship extended Intermedia to allow authors to define Hypermedia Templates - sets of pre-linked documents which can be duplicated. Templates facilitate the creation of consistent hypermedia collections by automating what can be a laborious task, making documents and forging links manually. In this paper we discuss the Hypermedia Templates project. We first describe a collection of Intermedia materials that has been electronically published and explain the information design principles that were applied to it. We point out some general principles for building consistent hypermedia collections and discuss how these were reflected in the list of features for Hypermedia Templates. We then describe a user’s interaction with a prototypical Hypermedia Template, as well as details of the user interface that we have built to provide template functionality in Intermedia. Finally, we identify some key features that would be important compoinents of any next-generation template software.
Keywords	hypermedia templates, hypermedia design principles, intermedia
pp	147-160

References , Full text

 

Title	What’s Eliza doing in the Chinese Room? Incoherent hyperdocuments - and how to avoid them
Year	1991
Author	M. Thuring, J. M. Haake, J. Hanneman
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung, PO Box 104326, Dolivostrasse 15, D-610 Darmstadt, F. R. Germany e-mail: thuering@darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	Research on understanding linear texts has shown that comprehension and navigation mainly depend on the reader’s ability to construct a coherent mental representation. While the author of a traditional document can use a variety of structural cues to support his readers in building up such a representation, the author of a hyperdocument faces a new problem. If he wants to ensure that his readers understand the entire hyperdocument as a coherent entity, he needs means to indicate its structure in a comprehensible way. In this paper, we propose a construction kit which provides dedicated design objects for this purpose The design objects can be characterized as building blocks for three functionally different components of a hyperdocument: its content part, organizational part, and presentational part. In addition to the design objects, we propose some design rules which should guide the construction of coherent hyperdocuments.
Keywords	design of hyperdocuments, coherent hyperdocuments, rhetorics of hypertext, hyperdocument construction kit, labelled links, composite nodes, navigation, comprehension of hyperdocuments
pp	161-177

References , Full text

 

Title	ABC: A hypermedia system for artifact-based collaboration
Year	1991
Author	John B. Smith, F. Donelson Smith
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, CB#3175, Sitterson Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3175, USA e-mail: jbs@cs.unc.edu or smithfd@cs.unc.edu
Abstract	Our project is studying the process by which groups of individuals work together to build large, complex structures of ideas, and we are developing a distributed hypermedia system to support that process. This description includes a brief overview of the system, but emphasizes three components: a hypermedia data management system or graph server, a set of browsers for working with graph objects, and a set of applications for working with data contents of graph nodes. A number of research issues are raised and discussed in context, including composite objects, anchored links, scaling up for large applications, partitioning the hypermedia graph, consistency and completeness across subgraphs and an open, extensible architecture for applications.
Keywords
pp	179-191

References , Full text

 

Title	The nested context model for hyperdocuments
Year	1991
Author	1. M. A. Casanova, L. Tucherman; 2. M. J. D. Lima, J. L. Rangel Netto, N. Rodriguez, L. F. G. Soares
Affiliation	1. Centro Cientifico Rio, IBM Brasil, PO Box 4624, 20.001 Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil e-mail casanova@riovmsc.vnet.ibm.com 2. Departamento de Informatica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do RJ, R. Marques de S. Vicente, 225, 22.453 Rio de Janeiro, RJ-Brasil
Abstract	This paper describes the nested context model, a conceptual framework for the definition, presentation and browsing of documents. The model carefully combines hypertext links with the concept of context nodes, used to group together sets of nodes. Context nodes can be nested to any depth and thus generalize the classical hierarchical organization of documents. The nested context model also defines an abstract and flexible application program interface that captures the idea that different applications may observe the same node in different ways. Finally, the model offers a rich set of operations to explore the double structure of a hyperdocument - that defined by the links and that induced by the nesting of context nodes.
Keywords
pp	193-201

References , Full text

 

Title	Issues for Modeling a "Dynamic" hypertext interface for non-hypertext systems
Year	1991
Author	Michael Bieber
Affiliation	Boston College, Computer Science Department, Fulton 430, Chestnut Hill, MA02167-3808 Tel. 617-552-3964; Fax 617-552-2097 e-mail: bieberm@bcvms.bitnet; bieberm@bcvms.bs.edu
Abstract	Many hypertext systems are primarily static systems that were designed specifically to apply a hypertext interface to a particular domain. For us, hypertext is a tool for augmenting "dynamic" non-hypertext information systems such as decision support systems and expert systems. Many information systems require a dynamic implementation of hypertext, one that relies primarily on virtual structures and computation to generate a hypertext network in real time. This paper explores the demands our dynamic view of hypertext makes on hypertext standards from two angles. First, what coordination is necessary to establish a dynamic hypertext interface to an arbitrary front-end or back-end information system? Here we introduce the concept of bridge laws to map application components to hypertext structures. Second, how does a dynamic view of hypertext affect document interchange among hypertext systems and between a hypertext and non-hypertext system?
Keywords	hypertext computation, hypertext virtual structures, bridge laws, decision sypport systems, information systems, document interchange, knowledge-based system shell architecture
pp	203-217

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Title	Dynamic Adaptation of Hypertext Structure
Year	1991
Author	1. P. D. Stotts; 2. R. Furuta
Affiliation	1. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611 2. Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Abstract	A technique is described for adapting the apparent structure of a hypertext to the bahavior and preferences exhibited by its users while browsing. Examples are given an implementation of this technique using the timing mechanism in Trellis. In the technique, event durations in a document are altered without actually changing the links in the underlying Petri net. The two extrema of instantaneous events and infinite delays can be used to create apparent node and link deletions and additions, as well as to insert new tokens (loci of activity) into the document. Adaptation of these times is accomplished using a simple data state in which the event timings (and other document properties) are variables, called attributes. As a reader traverses hypertext links, author-supplied adaptation agents are invoked to collect information and possibly change the values of the attributes. Agents encapsulate and effect the criteria for deciding when, and specifically how, a structure should be adapted. Several practical examples illustrate the conclusion of this report: sophisticated alterations do not require a complicated adaptation mechanism, that changing document constants into document variables provides flexibility to this mechanism, and that using a limited simple mechanism is the only hope for retaining analysis of the static and dynamic net properties.
Keywords	hypertext, trellis, petri nets, place/transition nets, browsing semantics, adaptation, parallel computation model, timing
pp	219-231

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Title	Don’t link me in: set based hypermedia for taxonomic reasoning
Year	1991
Author	H. van dyke Parunak
Affiliation	Industrial Technology Institute, PO Box 1485, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Tel. 313-769-4049; Fax 313-769-4064 e-mail: van@iti.org
Abstract	Hypermedia is often described as nodes of information with links between them, suggesting the conceptual model of a graph. A broader definition is a system of nodes of information through which people can move non-linearly. Such a definition, while including graph-based hypermedia, also allows alternative implementations. This paper illustrates the need for alternative models by exhibiting a particular reasoning task for which navigating among nodes by way of explicit links is less effective than an alternative model of intersecting sets of nodes. The task is taxonomic reasoning, a particular kind of reasoning task that deals with the comparison and classification of highly similar nodes, in which an analyst viewing one node thinks not in terms of linking it to another node, but of including it in or excluding it from a set of related nodes. This paper discusses this kind of reasoning and describes HyperSet, a set-based hypermedia system designed to support it. It compares HyperSet with other tools that support taxonomic reasoning, discusses the formal and implementational relationships between graph-based and set-based hypermedia, and defines the features that are required in a hybrid system that can concurrently support both set and graph manipulations.
Keywords	user models, taxonomic reasoning, interfaces, system architectures
pp	233-242

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Title	Architectures for Volatile Hypertext
Year	1991
Author	1. M. Bernstein; 2. J. D. Bolter; 3. M. Joyce; 4. E. Mylonas
Affiliation	1. Eastgate Systems Inc. 134 Main Street, Watertown, MA 02172 USA 2. Department of Literature, Communication and Culture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-1065, USA 3. Jackson Community College, 2111 Emmons Road, Jackson, MI49201, USA 4. Project Perseus, Harvard University, 319 Boylston Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Abstract
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pp	243-260

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Title	Aquanet: a hypertext tool to hold your knowledge in place
Year	1991
Author	C. C. Marshall, F. G. Halasz, R. A. Rogers, W. C. Janssen
Affiliation	Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304
Abstract	Hypertext systems have traditionally focused on information management and presentation. In contrast, the Aquanet hypertext system described in this paper is designed to support knowledge structuring tasks. Aquanet is a browser-based tool that allows users to graphically represent information in order to explore its structure. In this paper, we discuss our motivations for developing Aquanet. We then describe the basic concepts underlying the tool and give an overview of the user interface. We close with some brief comments about our initial experiences with the tool in use and some of the directions we see the Aquanet research moving in the near future.
Keywords
pp	261-275

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Title	The Pedagogy of Computing: Hypermedia in the Classroom
Year	1991
Author	Dr. Charles Ess
Affiliation	Philosophy and Religion Deparment, Drury College, 900 N Benton Avenue, Springfield, MO USA 65802. BITNET: dru001d@SMSVMA
Abstract	I describe how I have used IRIS intermedia, a sophisticated hypermedia program, in teaching an upper-level class on the emergence of philosophy and science in the context of religious story and material culture. I first describe the program and summarize the pedagogical results of using the program as documented at Brown University. I then describe various uses of the program in the Drury class and the observed impacts of these uses. Our experience with hypermedia at Drury College both corroborates and extends the pedagogical impacts of hypermedia already documented at Brown University, especially in terms of dramatically increasing student mastery of difficult material, and student involvement in the course through collaborative learning strategies supported by hypermedia resources distributed across a network. These pedagogically desirable benefits, however, are accompanied by concerns regarding fragmentation and decentering in student work in hypermedia and regarding ethical irresponsibility towards shared and thus vulnerable resources. These results are especially significant as they demonstrate that instructors with relatively limited resources can nonetheless reap dramatic pedagogical benefits from hypermedia technologies in the classroom. This also means relatively exotic hypermedia technologies may successfully migrate to the resource-limited classrooms of smaller colleges and universities.
Keywords	hypertext, hypermedia, IRIS intermedia, history of philosophy, history of science, pedagogy, collaborative learning, electronic conferencing, electronic journaling, computer ethics, Postmodernism
pp	277-289

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Title	Beyond the Electronic Book: A critique of hypertext rhetoric
Year	1991
Author	S. Moulthrop
Affiliation	School of Literature,Communication and Culture, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Abstract
Keywords
pp	290-298

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Title	Hypertext for the Electronic Library? CORE sample results
Year	1991
Author	D. E. Egan, M. E. Lesk, R. D. Ketchum, C. C. Lochbaum, J. R. Remde, M. Littman, T. K. Landauer
Affiliation	Belcore, Morristown, New Jersey
Abstract	The Chemistry Online Retrieval Experiment, or CORE project, is studying the possibility of creating a useful, usable electronic library for chemistry researchers. In a preliminary study, chemists were observed performing five different tasks representative of typical uses of the scientific journal literature. The tasks simulated browsing journals, answering specific questions given a citation to an article, answering specific questions given no citation, writing essays to summarize and integrate information, and finding "analogous transformations" for chemical reactions. Chemists carried out these tasks using one of three systems: (a) the printed journals supplemented with a widely used printed index system, (b) hypertext system (the SuperBook document browser), or (c) a new electronic system (Pixlook) that incorporates traditional document retrieval methods plus full text indexing and delivers bitmap images of journal pages. Both electronic systems had a large advantage over the printed system for search and essay tasks. SuperBook users were faster and more accurate than Pixlook users at finding information relevant to browsing and search topics. Certain SuperBook hypertext features, hwoever, did not work as well as Pixlook for displaying target articles. The patterns of data and log files of subjects suggests how SuperBook, Pixlook and related systems might be improved.
Keywords	evaluation, information retrieval, hypertext design
pp	299-312

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Title	HDM - a model for the design of hypertext applications
Year	1991
Author	1. Franca Garzotto, Paolo Paolini; 2. Daniel Schwabe
Affiliation	1. Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; E-nmail: relett34@imipoli.bitnet 2, Department of Informatics, Pontificia Universidade Catolica, R. M. de S. Vicente, 225, 22453 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Abstract	We present the latest developments of HDM a design model for hypertext applciations. The basic features of HDM are the representation of applications through several design primitives: typed entities composed of hierarchies of components; different perspectives for each component; units corresponding to component-perspective pairs; bodies representing the actual content of the units; structural links, binding together components or sub-entities of the same entity; typed application links, interconnecting components belonging to different entities; and a specific browsing semantics based on anchors, as a way to activate many different link types from within a unit. The development of HDM is part of the HYTEA project, carried on by a European consortium, aiming at the development of a set of authoring tools for an engineered development of hypertext/hypermedia applications. A hYTEA application is made by an HDM schema and an HDM Hyperbase (i.e. a set of instances). The basic HDM has already been shown to be translatable, either mannually or through a compiler, into a node-and-link model (a la DEXTER model); the translated application can be targeted on several implementation tools (i.e., standard hypertext tools already available on the market.) HDM has already been used to develop a small number of applications, and to describe pre-existing applications. These experiments have shown the need for improvements that are discussed in the paper: aggregate entities; sharing of components; is-a relationships and inheritance between entity types; sharing of bodies; structured access and guided tours; use of active media (animations and video-clips).
Keywords
pp	313-328

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Title	Using structured types to incorporate knowledge in hypertext
Year	1991
Author	J. Nanard, M. Nanard
Affiliation	Department of Knowledge Acquisition and Representation, Laboratoire d’Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 860 rue de Saint Priest, 34090 Montpellier, Fran ce. E-mail: nanard@crim.fr
Abstract	It has been shown that the famous problem of user disorientation in hypertext is not due to the concept of hypertext itself but rather generally results from the lack of a conceptual model for hypertext application . Unfortunately, in most hypertext systems, the weakness of structure specification mechanisms discourages the development and use of such a model since it is difficult to reinforce hypertext structure and to really incorporate knowledge. A lot of works provide intelligent mechanisms to help navigation but either they use external knowledge or automatically synthesize links from information included in nodes which tehreby hav eno sufficient conceptual value. The present paper focuses on an object -oriented hypertext model (implemented in the MacWeb system) using structured types to incorporate knowledge in hypertexts. Concepts and their relationships as well as their instances and their own relationships may be represented. Such a model makes th e capture of knowledge at source easier, thus allowing a more conceptual navigation. Furthermore, active behaviors may be associated, as methods, to types. This provides a powerful mechanism to help develop structured hypertext as well as task centered a pplications, by taking advantage of knowledge representation.
Keywords	structured types, knowledge representation, object-oriented, hypertext model, document synthesis
pp	51-62

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Title	Hypertext and Structured Object Representation: a unifying view
Year	1991
Author	1. Hermann Kaindl; 2. Mikael Snaprud
Affiliation	1. Siemens AG Osterreich, Programm-und Systementwicklung, Gudrunstrasse 11, A-1100 Vienna, Austria 2. Technische Universitat Wien, Inst. Fur Machinen und Prozessautomatisierung, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
Abstract	This paper addresses combining hypertext with knowledge representation as used in knowledge-based systems. Hypertext imposes explicit structure on text, whereas certain knowledge representation formalisms of A1 are designed for strucutring knowledge. We propose a way of tightly integrating hypertext and structured object representation, using AI frames for the basic representation of hypertext nodes. Moreover, we allow for the additional option of explicit representation of structure using partitions of hypertet nodes, which are realized as slots. In order to make the text more dynamic, our approach facilitates some aspects of object-oriented programming using message passing from the text in the browser. The proposed tight integration is useful for design tasks, in particular for building knowledge-based systems. According to our experience, hypertext provides a useful intermediary representation of knowledge between informal and formal. Based on a level of basic hypertext functionality, we provide several features useful for supporting knowledge acquisition. As an example of our results of using this method of knowledge acquisition, we illustrate the strategic knowledge in our application domain. In addition, tight integration supports important aspects of software engineering and the user interface. Moreover we discuss several advantages from a hypertext point of view. In particular, the partitions of hypertext nodes can be useful for selective inheritance of text. In summary, both AI and hypertext will benefit from such a tight integration
Keywords	hypertext, frames, knowledge representation, knowledge-based systems, knowledge acquisition
pp	345-358

References , Full text

1992 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Virtual Reality and the Future of Hypertext
Year	1992
Author	Jay David Bolter
Affiliation	School of Literature, Communication and Culture, Georgia Institute for Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
Abstract	Virtual Reality has been largely conceived in terms of the visual. Other senses, sound and touch, although given roles, are clearly quite secondary. What VR presents to the user is images, not texts. What role might text play in Virtual Reality? This is particularly important for exponents of hypertext, because VR threatens to become the hot new topic, and perhaps to diminish interest and research in hypertext. One could convincingly argue that there is no real direct competition: VR and hypertext can evolve side by side for different purposes. VR is useful for simulation and training, for medical imaging, for telepresence, and so on. Hypertext serves for databases of text materials, pedagogy, and interactive fiction and non-fiction. But even if VR and hypertext continue to evolve side by side, it remains interesting to consider how the two might merge.
Keywords
pp	2

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Title	Video Nodes and Video Webs: Uses of Video in Hypermedia
Year	1992
Author	Simon Gibbs
Affiliation	Centre Universitaire d’Informatique, Universite de Geneve, 24 rue du General-Dufour, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
Abstract	Digital video consists of temporally correlated audio and visual data elements. Audio elements are basically sequences of digitized audio samples, while visual elements are sequences of raster frames. In either case the sequences may not be stored explicitly, but instead stored in a compressed representation, or an alternate representative from which the sequences are produced (as when audio is synthesized from a symbolic representation, such as musical notation, or video frames are rendered from animation data).
Keywords
pp	3

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Title	Multicard: An Open Hypermedia System
Year	1992
Author	Antoine Rizk, Louis Sauter
Affiliation	Euroclid, 12 Ave des Pres, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France Bull LPAM, 7 rue Ampere, Massy 91343, France
Abstract	This paper describes the Multicard hypermedia system which has been developed following an open systems approach. Multicard provides a hypermedia toolkit that allows programmers to create and manipulate distributed basic hypermedia structures; an interactive authoring/navigation tool which is itself based on the toolkit; an advanced scripting language; a multimedia composition editor, as well as a communication protocol that allows the integration of various editors and applications into a single hypermedia network. One of Multicard’s features is that it does not itself handle the contents of the nodes. Instead, it communicates with different editors, running as separate processes, using a set of messages called the M2000 protocol. Multicard has so far been connected in this way to around five different M2000 compliant editors and applications ranging from a basic text editor and data shett to sophisticated desktop publishing and multimedia composition systems. M2000 compliant editors automatically benefit of the Multicard linking facilities and composite structures. Using the Multicard scripting language, M2000 compliant editors can also annotate their contents with scripts and communicate with each other using event and message transmission.
Keywords	Multicard, M2000, hypermedia toolkit
pp	4-10

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Title	SEPIA: a cooperative hypermedia authoring environment
Year	1992
Author	Norbert Streitz, Jorg Haake, Jorg Hannemann, Andreas Lemke, Wolfgang Schuler, Helge Schutt, Manfred Thuring
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute (IPSI), Gessellschat fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD), Dolivostr. 15 D - 6100 Darmstadt, Germany. E-mail: streitz@darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	In this paper we report about the design, development, and implementation of the SEPIA cooperative hypermedia authoring environment. It provides results on the following aspects of SEPIA: persistent and shared data storage, hypermedia data model with composites, sophisticated and comprehensive authoring functionality, support for a new rhetoric and for cooperative work. We start by identifying the challenge of hypermedia authoring and production which serves as the driving force for our development. Using interacting problem spaces as the vehicle for modelling the dynamic aspects of authoring, we arrive at a set of requirements answered by the concept of "activity spaces". The design of coherent hyperdocuments is facilitated by our "construction kit". Furthermore, we describe the extensions and modifications necessary to support multiple authors with the cooperative version of SEPIA. The central issue of the paper is the system architecture and its implementation. We describe the basis for access to shared hyperdocuments, the activity space browsers, the integration of multimedia functionality (audio, graphics, pictures), and the integration of a video conferencing system.
Keywords
pp	13-22

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Title	Combining Hypertext and Structured Documents in Grif
Year	1992
Author	Vincent Quint, Irene Vatton (CNRS)
Affiliation	IMAG-INRIA, 2 rue de Vignate, F-38610, Gieres, France
Abstract	This paper presents the experience gained in developing and using the hypertext functions of the Grif system. Grif is a structured document editor based on the generic structure concept: each document is represented in the system by its logical structure which is an instance of a generic structure. This notion of logical structures encompasses both hierarchical structures (as is usual in structured documents) and non-hierarchical links (as is usual in hypertext). The document model on which Grif is based is presented, focusing on the different types of links. Various applications using these links are also described. It is shown that the approaches of electronic documents and hypertext, wich are often opposed to each other, can be combined for building more powerful integrated systems.
Keywords
pp	23-32

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Title	Structural and Cognitive Problems in Providing Version Control for Hypertext
Year	1992
Author	Kasper Osterbye
Affiliation	Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Aalborg University
Abstract	This paper discusses issues related to providing version control in hypertext systems. Many of the software engineering issues in versioning also apply to hypertext, but the emphasis on linking and structure in hypertext raises some new problems. The issues can roughly be divided into two categories. Datamodel issues, which will be referred to as structural issues, and user interface issues, which will be referred to as cognitive issues. Both structural and cognitive issues will be described and divided into simpler problems which will be named and described, and it will be shown that composites serve as a good starting point for solving both structural and cognitive problems of versioning.
Keywords	hypertext, version control, data models
pp	33-42

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Title	CoVer: A Contextual Version Server for Hypertext Applications
Year	1992
Author	A. Haake
Affiliation	Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute (IPSI), Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMI), Dolivostr. 15, D-6100 Darmstadt, F. R. Germany e-mail: ahaake@darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	Key problems of version support for hypertext systems arise from the fine-grained, heavily interlinked structure of hyperdocuments. Integration of version support aggravates cognitive overhead problems during version creation and disorientation during version selection. Starting from the need to support versioning in our hypermedia publishing environment, we designed the CoVer hypermedia version server. CoVer maintains context information with the versions that guides version creation and in particular helps in version identification. The key concept is task tracking: Users change their network in order to perform a task. These tasks can guide meaningful, automatic versions creation. Being stored persistently as contextual version information, they serve version identification. Moreover, CoVer maintains the derivation history of hyperdocuments across document boundaries and tracks the influence of annotations on the creation of new versions and the start-up of new tasks.
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pp	43-52

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Title	Two Years before the Mist: Experiences with Aquanet
Year	1992
Author	1. Catherine C. Marshall, 2. Russell A. Rogers
Affiliation	1. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304, USA E-mail: marshall@parc.xerox.com 2. DownEast Technology, 15 Lower Main Street, Belfast, ME04915, USA
Abstract	Aquanet is a collaborative hypertext tool that combines elements of frame-based knowledge representation and graphical presentation. In this paper, we examine the first major application of the tool in an analysis task, a two-year long technology assessment that resulted in almost 2000 nodes and more than 20 representational types. First, we cover the implications of the representational resources provided and representational decisions that were made. Then we discuss how spatial layout was used in lieu of the complext relations Aquanet'’ data model supports. Finally, we show how distinct regions emerged to reflect particular activities and how they were subsequently used as the basis for a later collaboration on a similar task.
Keywords
pp	53-62

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Title	UNIX Guide: lessons from ten years’ development
Year	1992
Author	P. J. Brown
Affiliation	University of Kent at Canterbury, Computing Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF E-mail: pjb@ukc.ac.uk
Abstract	Development of the Guide hypertext system has been progressing at the University of Kent since 1982. The paper looks back over the mistakes and successes of the last ten years, with a view of drawing some lessons for the future development of hypertext. The reader is not assumed to be a Guide user, and the lessons learned apply to hypertext systems in general.
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pp	63-70

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Title	An Object-Oriented Scripting Environment for the WEBSs Electronic Book System
Year	1992
Author	J. Monnard, J. Pasquier-Boltuck
Affiliation	Institute for Automation and Operations Research, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland monnardj@cfruni51.bitnet; pasquier@cfruni51.bitnet
Abstract	This paper presents the scripting facilities built on top of WEBSs, an interactive system for the creation and consultation of electronic books. The scripting environment relies on the same object-oriented software architecture used in the design of the #WEBSs application, rendering it consistently integrated with the other components of the system. Scripts enhance the application in two ways: first, the ability to combine basic WEBSs actions allows users to easily define new high-level functions like, for example, the automatic creation of tables of contents and indexes. Secondly, the behavior of the objects that constitute an electronic book can be enriched by writing scripts that will be automatically executed each time a triggering object performs a specific action. The main originality of our scripting model resides in the fact that a script may be attached not only to an individual object, but also to all objects of a specific class, or to all objects in a certain set.
Keywords
pp	81-90

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Title	Matching hypertext models to Hypertext systems: a compilative Approach
Year	1992
Author	Andrea Caloini
Affiliation	Departimento di Elettronica - Politecnico di Milano, and NEC C&C Applied Information Technology Research Laboratory, 4-1-1 Miyazaki, Miuamae-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa ken 216, Japan. Tel: +81 44 856 2363; Fax: +81-44-8562239 E-mail: caloini%joke.cl.nec.co.jp@uunet.uu.net
Abstract	Many authors have proposed sophisticated models to describe hypertexts at different levels and for different purposes and have provided in-house developed systems implementing their models. However, hypertext-hypermedia application development is often carried on using commercial hypertext systems based on a very simple model. This paper presents HCT (hypertext compiling tools), a set of tools to translate hypertext-hypermedia applications designed using a high-level model (HDM, Hypermedia Design Model) into applications implemented by a commercial hypertext system (ToolBook). Although each single tool is specific to either HDM or ToolBook, the approach is presented in a more general way. Results obtained in application development are summarized.
Keywords	hypertext models, hypertext systems, HDM, hypertext engine, compilation
pp	91-101

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Title	Making Use of Hypertext Links when retrieving information
Year	1992
Author	H. P. Frei, D. Steiger
Affiliation	Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Department of Computer Science, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract	Hypermedia links were invented to support the manual browsing through large hypertext or hypermedia collections. However, retrieving specific portions of information in such a collection cannot be achieved by browsing only; retrieval mechanisms are necessary. In this paper we show how to use the semantic content of hypertext links for retrieval. We present special purpose indexing and retrieval algorithms that exploit the node and link content. First retrieval results in a hypertext test collection are presented: the results are clearly better than those obtained when the links are ignored. The hope is that these results can be extended to hypermedia information and that they can be improved by more sophisticated indexing algorithms.
Keywords
pp	102-111

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Title	Hypertext Paradigm in the Field of information retrieval: a neural approach
Year	1992
Author	1. Alain Lelu, 2. Claire Francois
Affiliation	1. ENST/Economie et Management, 46 rue Barrault 75013 Paris, France 2. Institut de L’Information Scientifique et Technique, Departement Recherche et Produits Nouveaux, 2 allee du Parc de Brabois, 54514 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, Cedex, France
Abstract	Application of the hypertext paradigm to information retrieval requires: (1) an automatic generation of hypertext links; (2) a compact graphical representation of the data. After a brief review of the family of neural algorithms required for deriving a compact and relevant representation of a documentary database, as well as links between synthetic "topics" and documents, we present a user interface based on these grounds. This representation is two-step: (1) global topics map; (2) local topic axes, ranking both terms and documents according to the values of their centrality index. A prototype running in a Macintosh environment and implementing a basic version of this browser, is then described and commented.
Keywords	Hypertext, information retrieval, graphic user interface, neural networks, cluster analysis
pp	112-122

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Title	Information Retrieval from Hypertext Using Dynamically Planned Guided Tours
Year	1992
Author	Catherine Guinan and Alan F. Smeaton
Affiliation	School of Computer Applications, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland E-mail: smeaton@dcu.ie
Abstract	In using any hypertext system a user will encounter many technical problems which have been well-documented in the literature. Two of the more serious problems with using hypertext are user disorientation and the retrieval of information. Another less often addressed problem is that of the logical sequencing of nodes. In the work reported in this paper we address these three problems by combining Hammond and Allinson’s guided tour metaphor and Frisse’s information retrieval techniques to dynamically create guided tours for users in direct response to a user’s query. One of the features of our method is that we take advantage of typing of information links in the hypertext to generate a tour which has a judicious sequencing of nodes rather than a simple presentation of hypertext nodes in order of similarity to the user’s query. Our method was empirically tested on a population of 125 users who generated a total of 973 individual tours and all user actions and responses to questions were logged. The results of this evaluation are presented in this paper.
Keywords
pp	122-130

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Title	Cognitive Processing of Hyperdocuments: When does nonlinearity help?
Year	1992
Author	Jean-Francois Rouet
Affiliation	Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
Abstract	This paper presents a review of empirical research on the cognitive processing of nonlinear documents, with the purpose of understanding when and how hypertext presentation might facilitate text comprehension and learning activities. Empirical studies conducted so far have used various methods, and focused on a wide range of populations, types of documents, and reading or learning tasks. Although hypertext is generally associated with information networks, a few interesting studies address the issues of computer assistance to linear text comprehension. A second group of studies investigate the use of nonlinear documents for general learning purposes. Although these studies are mainly concerned with linear-nonlinear comparisons, some of them address the effects of different design options. Finally, a third group of studies compare information retrieval in linear versus nonlinear documents. Overall, there is no consistent evidence for the advantage of hypertext over linear presentation formats. Instead, the efficiency of nonlinear documents varies according to subjects’ expertise, interface features, and task requirements. In an attempt to provide an interpretative framework for these empirical findings, the notion of cognitive monitoring is briefly outlined. I conclude with a few implications for future hypertext research.
Keywords
pp	131-140

References , Full text

 

Title	Imagined Conversations: The relevance of hypertext, pragmatism, and cognitive flexibility theory to the interpretation of classic texts in intellectual history
Year	1992
Author	1. Robert Alun Jones; 2. Rand Spiro
Affiliation	1. Professor of Sociology, History and Religious Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2. Professor of Educational Psychology and Psychology, Unviersity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Abstract	What does it mean to understand a classic text in the history of social thought? Recent pragmatist arguments in intellectual history suggest that it is a matter of placing the text within some larger context, viewing it from a variety of perspectives, and using it to satisfy one’s own interests and purposes. What is the best means to advanced knowledge acquisition? Recent theories of learning in cognitive psychology suggest that we view ill-structured knowledge domains as landscapes, to be criss-crossed in a variety of directions, from multiple perspectives. Hypertext is a technology for doing both of these things. Quite independently, but sharing a foundation of pragmatism and the later Wittgenstein, each of these disciplines thus encourages further research in the development and implementation of hypertext systems for learning. Such research is being carried out in the Hypermedia Laboratory and the Cognitive Flexibility Laboratory at the University of Illinois, with implications for the way hypertext systems are designed and implemented, and the pedagogical problems to which they are applied.
Keywords
pp	141-148

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Title	Where’s the Hypertext? The Dickens Web as a System-Independent Hypertext
Year	1992
Author	G. Landow, P. Kahn
Affiliation	Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship, Brown University, Providence, RI02912, USA
Abstract	This paper reports the comparative evaluations by fifteen experienced hypertext users of three hypertext systems (Intermedia, Interleaf WorldView, and Storyspace) to carry out both simple information retrieval and more complex cognitive tasks. In contrast to approaches that compare hypertext versions of print documents to print documents, our research began with materials originally created for an electronic environment - the award winning Dickens Web. The evaluators’ detailed narratives, which show that hypertext documents can exist independently of specific hypertext systems also suggest points that designers of hypertext systems and hypertext authors musttake into account. These points include the value of full-text search vs link following, and the importance of content expertise. Finally, we report on the importance of single vs bi-directional thinking, multiple linking from a single point, and web views.
Keywords
pp	149-160

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Title	Contours of Constructive Hypertexts
Year	1992
Author	1. Mark Bernstein; 2. Michael Joyce; 3. David Levine
Affiliation	1. Eastgate Systems Inc., 134 Main Street, Watertown MA02172 USA 2. Jackson Community College, Vassar College 3. Gettysburg College
Abstract	Discussion of hypertext rhetoric and criticism has focused on small, fixed hypertexts that are typically used by casual readers for comparatively short periods. Here we explore complex, constructive hypertexts, intended to inform and to influence dedicated and thoughtful readers. Recurrence and multivalence, both deplored in small hypertexts, prove from study of more complex texts to be very valuable. While static, graph-theoretic measures facilitate understanding of local hypertext structure, the structures of meaning or contours we observe in current hypertext fiction and scholarship do not appear to reside in static structures, but rather in the complex and dynamic perceptions of the engaged reader.
Keywords
pp	161-171

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Title	Toward a Rhetoric of Informating Texts
Year	1992
Author	S. Moulthrop
Affiliation	School of Literature, Communication and Culture, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0165 USA
Abstract	this paper begins by asking why hypertext researchers publish their work in print and compose their hypertexts from previously printed sources. It argues that these practices limit the development of hypertext rhetoric by privileging a discrete or granular model of discourse; nodes as stable units connected by purely transitional links. The paper explores the limits of the node/link model, suggesting that links can take on certain properties of nodes and vice versa. Drawing on the phenomenological critique of rationalist mechanism developed by Winograd and Flores, the paper presents an alternative discourse model for hypertext which regards nodes and links in complementarity, as contingent structures subject to conceptual breakdown. Applying this model to actual communication practices, thepaper invokes Zuboff’s distinction between automating and informating applications of technology, outlining a rhetoric based on a constantly evolving textual structure in which object relations remain fluid. A new term is proposed, the informand, to designate the communa, interactive discursive space created by informating systems like hypertexts and artificial realities. The paper concludes by urging experimentation with informating practices in hypertext, a move away from print models and toward all-electronic composition.
Keywords
pp	171-180

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Title	Towards an integrated information environment with open hypermedia systems
Year	1992
Author	Hugh Davis, Wendy Hall, Ian Heath, Gary Hill, Rob Wilkins
Affiliation	The Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ
Abstract	This paper examines open hypermedia systems, and presents the case that such systems provide a step forward for dealing with large, dynamic data sets in distributed, heterogeneous environments by allowing users to access and integrate information and processes in richer and more diverse ways than has previously been possible. In particular, the enhanced Microcosm model for open hypermedia is examined, and the ways in which it provides such an environment are discussed. The paper continues by investigating the advantages and the shortcomings of this model and identifies the areas in which further work must be completed before such systems can become widely adopted, such as the granularity of source and destination anchors, editing and version control. Some attempts to provide solutions to these problems are presented and discussed.
Keywords	open, hypermedia, integration, microcosm
pp	181-190

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Title	Design Issues for a Dexter-based Hypermedia System
Year	1992
Author	1. K. Gronbaek, 2. Randall H. Trigg
Affiliation	1. Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark 2. Xerox PARC, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304, USA
Abstract	This paper discusses experiences and lessons learned from the design of an open hypermedia system, one that integrates applications and data not owned by the hypermedia. The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model was used as the basis for the design. Though our experiences were generally positive, we found the model constraining in certain ways and underdeveloped in others. For instance, Dexter argues against dangling links, but we found several situations where permitting and supporting dangling links was advisable. In Dexter, the data objects making up a component’s contents are encapsulated in the component; in practice, references to objects stored apart from the hypermedia structure should be allowed. We elaborate Dexter’s notion of composite component to include composites that "contain" other components and composites with structured contents, among others. The paper also includes a critique of Dexter’s notion of link directionality, proposes a distinction between marked and unmarked anchors, and discusses anchoring within a composite.
Keywords
pp	191-201

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Title	Gram: A Graph Data Model and Query Language
Year	1992
Author	1. Bernd Amann, 2. Michel Scholl
Affiliation	1. INRIA, F-78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; 2. Cedric/CNAM, 292 rue St. Martin, F-75141 Paris Cedex 03, France.
Abstract	We present a model for data organised as graphs. Regular expressions over the types of the node and edge labels are used to qualify connected sub-graphs. An algebraic language based on these regular expressions and supporting a restricted form of recursion is introduced. A natural application of this model and its query language is hypertext querying.
Keywords
pp	201-211

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Title	Fishing for Clarity in Hyperdocuments with Enhanced Fisheye Views
Year	1992
Author	K. Tochtermann, G. Dittrich
Affiliation	University of Dortmund, Department of Computer Science, LS1, PO Box 500 500, D-4600 Dortmund 50; Germany E-mail: tochterm@jupiter.informatik.uni-dortmund.de Phone: ++ 49-231-7556326
Abstract	It is known that fisheye views prove beneficial to users who get lost in hyperspace. Until now, the fisheye view strategy, introduced by Furnas, is only applicable in structures where the necessary components of the fisheye view function can be defined. Unfortunately, directed graphs are structures where the fisheye view function of Furnas cannot be applied. Therefore the fisheye-view concept was of limited value in hyperdocuments represented by such graphs. To overcome this lack, this paper proposes an enhancement of Furnas’ function to allow its application in hyperdocuments of that kind. We will begin with a short review of Furnas’ well-known fisheye view concept. Thereafter we will discuss the problems that arise when one attempts to apply the concept in so-called "unstructured" hyperdocuments. The results of this discussion lead to the development of a function which satisfies the requirements of the concept, and allows its use in hyperdocuments of almost any structure. To show that the fisheye-view concept of Furnas remains fulfilled, an appropriate theorem is formulated. The result is that the benefits o the fisheye view concept can now be appreciated in unstructured hyperdocuments. In closing, we offer a detailed example, which illustrates the behavior of the enhanced fisheye view function.
Keywords
pp	212-221

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Title	An Extensible Data Model for Hyperdocuments
Year	1992
Author	1. Paul De Bra, Geert-Jan Houben; 2. Yoram Kornatzky
Affiliation	1. Dept. of Mathematics and Computing Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. E-mail: {debra, houben}@win.tue.nl 2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel E-mail: yoramk@bengus.bgu.ac.il
Abstract	We present an extensible data model for hyperdocuments. It is intended to serve as the basis for integrating hypermedia systems with other information sources, such as object-oriented database management systems, information retrieval systems, and engineering CAD tools. Hyperdocuments are described by means of a small number of powerful constructs that integrate their structural and behavioral aspects. The different instantiations and combinations of these constructs yield an open class of hyperdocuments. Nodes, anchors, and links are all considered first-class objects and modelling constructs are applicable to all of them. These constructs permit a description of the multiple levels of functionality of an object within a hyperdocument, and the packaging of the different views of an object. Composite objects range over an extensible collection of structures including networks, sets, time-lines, and three-dimensional space CAD models.
Keywords
pp	222-231

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Title	Towards a Better Support for Hypermedia Structuring: the HyDesign Model
Year	1992
Author	Michale Marmann, Gunter Schlageter
Affiliation	University of Hagen, Practical Computer Science 1, PO Box 940, D-5800 Hagen, Germany
Abstract	Hypermedia systems are becoming an important information system class for a wide range of new and fascinating applications. But current systems still have some unpleasant restrictions. For example, only few hypermedia systems support the design of higher level hypermedia objects beyond the basic node-link paradigm. There are further restrictions concerning the modularization of the overall design and the reuse of complex hypermedia resources. HyDesign is the prototype of an extensible hypertext/hypermedia system which addresses these restrictions. The crucial part of the development is the data management component, the HyDesign-engine, which has been built on top of the GemStone object-oriented database management system. A first prototype of a graphical user interface, the HyDesign GUI, has been developed in Smalltalk-80. This paper focuses on central features of the HyDesign data model representing the conceptual basis of the HyDesign-engine. Aggregate links of different types are introduced which allow for the creation of higher level hypermedia networks. SBL-nodes represent particular composite nodes offering the capability of defining (nested) local environments with particular behaviour. Also different options for the sharing of hypermedia resources are proposed. HyDesign further supports navigation as well as query based access in an integrated approach. As a whole, HyDesign aims at a better support for the hypermedia design process by the provision of powerful structuring facilities.
Keywords
pp	232-241

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Title	Using Statecharts to Model Hypertext
Year	1992
Author	Y. Zheng, M-C Pong
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong. E-mail: {zhengyi, mcpong} @uxmail.ust.hk
Abstract	This paper describes how to use statecharts to model hypertext. Statechart is a formal graphical model based on state transition diagram and hypergraph. The statechart model is compared with other models for hypertext based on simple node-and-link graph, first order logic formulae, hypergraph, and petri net. The features of statecharts relevant to the modeling of hypertext are described. Statecharts for the common features in frame-based and scrolling-based hypertext are given. Then statecharts are used to model the various buttons supported in a real-life production hypertext system, Guide (both the Unix version and the version marketed by Owl International Inc. These examples illustrate that statecharts can be used to abstract the structure from the content of hypertext, and to model the structure and the browsing semantics of hypertext clearly and vividly.
Keywords
pp	242-250

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Title	Hyperform: using extensibility to develop dynamic, open and distributed hypertext systems
Year	1992
Author	1. U. K. Wiil, 2. J. J. Leggett
Affiliation	1. Department of Computer Science, University of Aalborg, Fr. Bajers Vej 7E, 93220 Aalborg O, Denmark 2. Hypermedia Research Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
Abstract	An approach to flexible hyperbase (hypertext database) support predicated on the notion of extensibility is presented. The extensible hypertext platform implements basic hyperbase services that can be tailored to provide specialized hyperbase support. Hyperform is based on an internal computational engine that provides an object-oriented extension language which allows new data model objects and operations to be added at run-time. Hyperform has a number of built-in classes to provide basic hyperbase features such as concurrency control, notification control, access control, version control and search and query. Each of these classes can be specialized using multiple inheritance to form virtually any tupe of hyperbase support needed in next generation hypertext systems. This approach greatly reduces the effort required to provide high quality customized hyperbase support for distributed hypertext applications. Hyperform is implemented and operational in Unix environments. This paper describes the Hyperform approach, discusses its advantages and disadvantages, and gives examples of simulating the HAM and the Danish HyperBase in Hyperform. Hyperform is compared with related work from the HAM generation of hyperbase systems and the current status of the project is reviewed.
Keywords	Extensible hyperbase, hypertext platform, object-oriented extension language
pp	251-261

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Title	Specifying Temporal Behavior in Hypermedia Documents
Year	1992
Author	M. Cecelia Buchanan, Polle T. Zellweger
Affiliation	Information Sciences and Technologies Laboratory, Xerox PARC, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 E-mail: {buchanan, zellweger} @parc.xerox.com
Abstract	We have designed and implemented a system for creating, editing and displaying hypermedia documents. This system uses an improved document model with two major features. First it allows authors to specify temporal synchronization constraints among events of interest within media segments. Second, it allows asynchronous material, such as user interaction, links or programs, to be combined with richly coordinated synchronous material in a single hypermedia document. The system incorporates a linear programming algorithm to solve the temporal constraints. This process automatically constructs a schedule for displaying a document and may involve stretching or shrinking media segments. Because synchronization constraints record the author’s intentions and because the system creates schedules automatically, both creating documents and maintaining them throughout their life cycles should be easier.
Keywords
pp	262-271

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Title	Hyperdocuments as Automata: Trace-based Browsing Property Verification
Year	1992
Author	1. P. David Stotts; 2. Richard Furuta; 3. J. Cyrano Ruiz
Affiliation	1. Computer Science Dept., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27599-3175, USA’ 2. Computer Science Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; 3. Reliability Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA.
Abstract	In many hypertext systems, meaningfully traversing a document depends on capabilities, features and navigational aids that are part of the browser implementation. For example if a reader browses to a node that has no out links, then backing up, or warping to the table of contents can allow the browsing session to continue. If hyperdocuments are to become interchangeable among hypertext systems, rather than being readable only on the systems from which they are authored, one obvious but complex approach is to try and standardize on most likely, very many, browsing features an behaviors, forming some standard union of the capabilities of current major implementations. This approach molds or perhaps restricts future systems, since new browsing features must then be worked into such a standard. An alternate approach, used in this paper, is to de-emphasise browser features and emphasize inherent document structure with browsing semantics. An author should be able to create document structure so that the desired meaningful access patterns are inherently allowed by links rather than by browser capabilities. We present a method of analyzing the browsing properties of a hypertext document by examining the links alone. This method is not specific to any particular hypertext system or document authoring format. With it, an author can be certain that a document will allow particular access patterns when read on any browser implementation that has a single navigation operation: direct link following. The method requires a mental shift in how a hyperdocument is conceived abstractly. Instead of treating the links of a document as defining a static directed graph, they are thought of as defining an abstract program, termed the links-automaton of the document. A branching temporal logic notation, termed HTL is introduced for specifying properties a document should exhibit duirng browsing. An automated program verification technique called model checking is then used to verify that these specifications are met by the behavior of links-automaton. We illustrate the generality of our technique by applying it first to a Trellis document, and then to a Hyperties document.
Keywords	hypertext, place/transition nets, petri nets, browsing semantics, synchronization, security, temporal logic, verification, access control, versions, model checking
pp	272-281

References , Full text

1993 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	Concurrency Control in Collaborative Hypertext Systems
Year	1993
Author	1. Uffe Kock Wiil; 2. John J. Leggett
Affiliation	1. Programming Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Veg 7E, 9220 Aalborg O, Denmark. Tel: + 4598154211-5055; Fax +4598158129 E-mail: kock@iesd.auc.dk 2. Hypermedia Research Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 77843-3112. Tel: 409-845-0298; Fax: 409-847-8578 E-mail: leggett @bush.cs.tamu.edu
Abstract	Traditional concurrency control techniques for database systems (transaction management based on locking protocols) have been successful in many multiuser settings, but these techniques are inadequate in open, extensible and distributed hypertext systems supporting multiple collaborating users. The term "multiple collaborating users" covers a group setting in which two or more users are engaged in a shared task. Group members can work simultaneously in the same computing environment, use the same set of tools, and share a network of hypertext objects. Hyperbase (hypertext database) systems must provide special support for collaborative work, requiring adjustments and extensions to normal concurrency control techniques. Based on the experiences of two collaborative hypertext authoring systems, this paper identifies and discusses six concurrency control requirements that distinguish collaborative hypertext systems from multiuser hypertext systems. Approaches to the major issues (locking, notification control and transaction management) are examined from a supporting technologies point of view. Finally, we discuss how existing hyperbase systems fare with respect to the identified set of requirements. Many of the issues discussed in the paper are not limited to hypertext systems and apply to other collaborative systems as well.
Keywords	collaborative work, distributed hypertext systems, concurrency control, hyperbases, open architectures, extensibility, supporting technologies, user-controlled locking, events, transaction management, version control
pp	14-22

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Title	Designing Dexter-based Cooperative Hypermedia Systems
Year	1993
Author	Kaj Groenbaek, Jens A. Hem, Ole L. Madsen, Lennert Sloth
Affiliation	Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Bldg. 540, DK-8000, Arhus C, Denmark E-mail: {kgronbak, nold, olmadsen, les} @daimi.aau.dk
Abstract	This paper discusses issues for the design of a Dexter-based cooperative hypermedia architecture and a specific system, DeVise Hypermedia (DHM), developed from this architecture. The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model was used as basis for designing the architecture. The Dexter model provides a general and solid foundation for designing a general hypermedia architecture. However, to handle cooperative work aspects, such as sharing material and cooperative authoring, we have to go beyond te Dexter model concepts. To deal with such aspects, we have extended our implementation of the Dexter concepts with support for long-term transactions, locking and event notification as called for by Halasz. The result is a platform independent architecture for developing cooperative hypermedia systems. The architecture consists of a portable kernel that constitutes an object oriented framework for developing Dexter compliant hypermedia systems. It is a client/server architecture including an object oriented database (OODB) to store the objects implementing the Dexter Storage Layer. We use a general OODB being co-developed to support long term transactions, flexible locking, and event notification. The transaction and locking mechanism support several modes of cooperation on shared hypermedia materials, and the notification mechanism supports the users in maintaining awareness of each others’ activity. The portable kernel was used to implement the DHM system on two quite different platforms: UNIX/X-windows and Apple Macintosh.
Keywords	Dexter model, open hypermedia, CSCW, shared materials, object oriented database
pp	25-38

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Title	MORE: Multimedia Object Retrieval Environment
Year	1993
Author	1. Dario Lucarella; 2. Stefano Parisotto; 3. Antonella Zanzi
Affiliation	1. Centro Ricerca di Automatica, ENEL, Via Volta 1, I-20093 Cologno M. (Milano), Italy; and Dipartimento Scienze dell’Informazione, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Comelico 39, I-20135, Milano, Italy. 2. Dipartimento Scienze dell’Informazione, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Comelico 39, I-20135, Milano, Italy. 3. Centro Ricerca di Automatica, ENEL, Via Volta 1, I-20093 Cologno M. (Milano), Italy
Abstract	In this paper, we present a graph-based object model that will be used as a uniform framework for direct manipulation of multimedia information. Essentially, we propose a graph representation of the conceptual schema, the object instances, and the user queries. The resulting uniform approach is well suited to a visual interface in which the user, supported by appropriate tools, manipulates directly on the screen object graphs for different purposes as schema definition, querying, browsing and viewing. Next we give formal definitions of such operations along with examples concerning a real multimedia application we have developed in order to experiment with the proposed approach. Finally, design and implementation issues are discussed for MORE, a prototype system that, combining effectively browsing and querying techniques, provides a visual environment for multimedia information retrieval.
Keywords	graph-oriented models, hypertext querying, information retrieval, visual interface, direct object manipulation, multimedia databases
pp	39-50

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Title	Should Anchors be typed too? An experiment with MacWeb
Year	1993
Author	Jocelyne Nanard, Marc Nanard
Affiliation	LIRMM, 161 Rue Ada, 34392 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. Tel: 33-67 41 85 17 Fax: 33-67 41 85 00 E-mail: jnanard@lirmm.fr; mnanard@lirmm.fr
Abstract	Macweb is a hypertext system that uses types to incorporate knowledge in hypertext. In this paper, we examine an application developed with the system for accessing a technical document base in the context of a task. This application gives us the opportunity to discuss the extension of typing to anchors. We show that attaching knowledge to anchors through types must take into account the context of use of the anchored text. Thus, we introduce the notion of semantic anchoring of concepts within documents. We show how Macweb makes it possible to implement this approach without adding any new features and how it provides an answer to the famous sentence "Don’t link me in". Beyond the experiment itself, the foundations of the approach and its connection with hypertext systems modeling is presented.
Keywords	knowledge-based hypertext, anchoring, dynamic links, virtual documents
pp	51-62

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Title	Another Dimension to Hypermedia Access
Year	1993
Author	Satoshi Ichimura, Yutaka Matsushita
Affiliation	matsushita Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yakohama 223, Japan. E-mail: ichimura@myo.inst.keio.ac.jp; on@inst.keio.ac.jp
Abstract	The OpenBook system using a book metaphor allows a user to leaf through a set of nodes retrieved from a hypermedia just like a book. While leafing through the book, the reader does not need to pay attention to the detailed description written in pages, but impressive information such as chapter titles and figures catch the reader’s eyes. In other words, leafing through an electronic book takes advantage of a cognitive capability to skim the outlines of the contents. Moreover, the system supports a query-based access mechanism which supports a structure search mechanism for the purpose of finding potentially useful nodes. Furthermore, this paper describes a method of linearizing complex hyper-networked nodes to facilitate high speed browsing, which is a unique aspect of OpenBook.
Keywords	hypermedia, information retrieval, book metaphor, ISM-CAS
pp	63-72

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Title	Hypercubes Grow on Trees (and other observations from the land of hypersets)
Year	1993
Author	H. Van Dyke Parunak
Affiliation	Industrial Technology Institute, PO Box 1485, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA Tel. 313-769-4049; Fax: 313-769-4064 E-mail: van@iti.org
Abstract	Much of the power of hypermedia comes from the development of techniques for information management that closely match natural cognitive processes. HyperSet, a hypermedia environment tailored for taxonomic reasoning, is an example of this philosophy. People perform taxonomic reasoning when they classify, store, and retrieve a number of similar information objects (such as biological specimens, or linguistic constructions, or research projects). The process is essentially set-based. The user sorts objects into sets based on their characteristics; looks together at members of a single set to search for correlations or discernible subsets among them; and generates new sets from old ones. Two years of experience in using HyperSet has led to a deeper understanding of the patterns and processes of taxonomic reasoning and the kind of computer methods that can effectively support it. This paper reports on three of these insights: 1. The set of sets that develops as classification takes place is not flat, but hierarchical. Analysis of this hierarchy yields a representation that combines the flexibility of a directed acyclic graph with the navigational properties of strict trees. 2. It is useful for a taxonomic information system to support a simple dualism between sets and their elements, permitting one to do set operations on artifacts as well as on sets. 3. Similarity measures among different sets are most usefully computed for a hypercube of such sets, a hypercube that emerges naturally from the hierarchical structure of sets.
Keywords	information structures, taxonomic reasoning, classification, authoring, retrieval
pp	73-81

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Title	Dynamic Hypertext and Knowledge Agent Systems for Multimedia Information Networks
Year	1993
Author	Yoshitaka Shibata, Michiaki Katsumoto
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, Toyo University 2100 Kujirai, Nakano-Dai, Kawagoe, Japan 350 Tel: +81 492 31 1135, ext. 5661 E-mail: {shibata, Katsu}@yosemite.cc.toyo.ac.jp
Abstract	In this paper, a new intelligent human interface which can provide simple and flexible user access capabilities, based on the concept of dynamic hypertext System is introduced for multimedia information networks. In this dynamic hypertext system, Metanodes and Metalinks are defined as abstract nodes and flexible links, and organize a dynamic information space where user can easily retrieve the desired information objects by asking to the knowledge agent. The knowledge agent based on the knowledge base can decide the link from the current reference point to the suitable Metanodes among the multimedia databases distributed over the network. The knowledge agent also performs media format conversion of the original information units to adjust to the users workstation capabilities and temporal synchronization among different media. In order to evaluate the functions of the suggested human interface, two applications are introduced and developed on the prototyped multimedia information network.
Keywords	multimedia, hypermedia, human interface, agent, knowledge-base
pp	82-93

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Title	Applying AI Models to the Design of Exploratory Hypermedia Systems
Year	1993
Author	Ray Bareiss, Richard Osgood
Affiliation	Institute for the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University, 1890 Maple Avenue, Evanston, IL60201, USA E-mail: {bareiss, osgood}@ils. nwu.edu
Abstract	Hypermedia systems offer great promise for capturing expertise and subsequently providing multifaceted access in support of a user engaged in a complex task. A primary issue in building such systems is how to structure the knowledge contained in them such that a user with a problem can find the most appropriate knowledge easily and naturally. Our artificial intelligence-based research has produced two approaches to structuring knowledge that show promise for organizing hypermedia knowledge bases. The first is the use of abstract models of a user’s problem solving task to provide a global structure for the knowledge base and to reflect that structure in a meaningful human interface to the system. The second is the use of a conversational model to provide local coherence of the links among pieces of information in the knowledge base. These two types of models have been applied in the construction of Trans-ASK, a large hypermedia system in the domain of military transportation planning. This paper discusses the theory underlying the models, their application within Trans-ASK, and finally provides a preliminary evaluation of the resulting system.
Keywords	hypermedia, task models, indexing, exploratory systems
pp	94-105

References , Full text

 

Title	The Knowledge Weasel Hypermedia Annotation System
Year	1993
Author	Daryl T. Lawton, Ian E. Smith
Affiliation	College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0280 E-mail: {lawton, iansmith}@cc.gatech.edu
Abstract	We describe the organization and implementation of the Knowledge Weasel (KW) Hypermedia Annotation System which we are using to explore knowledge structuring by collaborative annotation. Knowledge Weasel incorporates many useful features: a common record format for representing annotations in different media for uniform access; dynamic user control of the presentation of annotations as a navigational aid; global navigation using queries and local navigation using link following; support for collecting related sets of annotations into groups for contextual reference and communication. KW purposely leverages off of free, publicly available software so it doesn’t require building specialized tools and also so it can be freely available. We discuss some of the issues involved with annotating non-textual material such as images and sound and conclude with a brief discussion of ongoing and future work.
Keywords	hypermedia, collaborative annotation, query-based navigation, link-based navigation
pp	106-117

References , Full text

 

Title	Hypertext by Link-Resolving Components
Year	1993
Author	Frank Wm. Tompa, G. Elizabeth Blake, Darrell R. Raymond
Affiliation	Centre for the New OED and Text Research, Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3GI E-mail: {fwtompa, geblake, drraymond}@uwaterloo.ca
Abstract	In conventional hypertexts, links are explicit connections between specific regions of a text. We describe an architecture that treats links as the outcome of responses to user pokes. In this architecture, a hypertext is a collection of link-resolving components, each interpreting a user’s request according to its own resolution algorithm. Each link-resolving component is a set of cooperative processes, communicating with a central network manager. When a user points at some location within a window, each link-resolving component is given a key derived according to a previously stored algorithm; the link-resolving components concurrently update their displays according to their algorithms for resolving the keys. Multiple applications can easily share a common source and be invoked simultaneously, providing a concurrent browsing mechanism. Two example hypertexts employing this architecture are described.
Keywords	hypertext system architecture, dynamic linking, link resolution, database keys
pp	118-130

References , Full text

 

Title	Selective Text Utilization and Text Traversal
Year	1993
Author	1. Gerard Salton, 2. James Allen
Affiliation	Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853-7501, USA 1. Tel: 607-255-4117; Fax 607-255-4428 E-mail: {gs, allan}@cs.cornell.edu
Abstract	Many large collections of full-text documents are currently stored in machine-readable form and processed automatically in various ways. These collections may include different types of documents, such as messages, research articles, and books, and the subject matter may vary widely. To process such collections, robust text analysis methods must be used, capable of handling materials in arbitrary subject areas, and flexible access must be provided to texts and text excerpts of varying size. In this study, global text comparison methods are used to identify similarities between text elements, followed by local context-checking operations that resolve ambiguities and distinguish superficially similar texts from texts that actually cover identical topics. A linked text structure is then created that relates similar texts at various levels of detail. In particular, text links are available for full texts, as well as text sections, paragraphs, and sentence groups. The linked structures are usable to identify important text passages, to traverse texts selectively both within particular documents and between documents, and to provide flexible text access to large text collections in response to various kinds of user needs. An automated 29-volume encyclopedia is used as an example to illustrate the text accessing and traversal operations.
Keywords	full-text access, information retrieval, passage retrieval, text analysis, global text comparisons, local context checking, automatic text linking, selective text reading, text summarization
pp	131-144

References , Full text

 

Title	HieNet: A User-Centred Approach for Automatic Link Generation
Year	1993
Author	Daniel T. Chang
Affiliation	Passage Systems Inc., 465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 201, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA E-mail: daniel@passage.com
Abstract	Most hypertext systems facilitate one-at-a-time link creation, but only a few support automatic link generation. In systems that do support automatic link generation, user interests are either ignored or explicit user actions are required to enter a set of keywords and queries. In this paper, we present a new linking mechanism called HieNet, implemented on top of a commercial hypertext system, that generates new links based on previously-created user links. Our approach allows users direct control over similarity thresholds, node granularity, and the extent of linking in composite nodes. Our work derives from Salton’s work on automatic generation of links using term vectors, and extends the ideas incorporated in Bernstein’s Link Apprentice and Lotus SamrText. Preliminary tests show that HieNet generates plausible links with acceptable performance and that users can learn to control the link generation parameters.
Keywords	links, link generation, vector space model, link apprentice, SGML
pp	145-158

References , Full text

 

Title	Media-based Navigation for Hypermedia Systems
Year	1993
Author	1. Kyoji Hirata, 2. Yoshinori Hara, 3. Naoki Shibata, 4. Fusako Hirabyashi
Affiliation	1., 2. C&C Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 4-1-1 Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. E-mail: {hirata, hara} @mmp.cl.nec.co.jp 3., 4. Information Technology Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 4-1-1 Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. E-mail: {shibata, hira} @joke.cl.nec.co.jp
Abstract	In this paper we present the concept and the general framework of a new navigation style for hypermedia systems, the media-based navigation. The user browses through a hypermedia system using the specific clues such as shape, color, construction for still image, motion for moveie, and tone or melody for auditory data. In this navigation, the user and the system interact with each other without translating the textual representation. We describe the visual-based navigation and show its algorithms. The algorithms are implemented on an experimental hypermedia database system called Miyabi. We show some experimental results and our current evaluation. We also describe the implementation of the algorithms for large scale hypermedia systems and show that these algorithms can effectively apply to the system which have more than 10,000 images. We also describe the auditory media-based navigation. The media-based navigation is a useful interface for hypermedia systems to improve human-machine interactive interfaces.
Keywords	hypermedia database, media-based navigation, pattern matching, information retrieval, indexing
pp	159-173

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Title	Hypertext and the Author-Reader Dialogue
Year	1993
Author	Susan Michalak, Mary Coney
Affiliation	Department of Technical Communication, University of Washington, FH-40, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
Abstract	Hypertext theorists tend to approach the hypertext concept from radically different philosophical positions. Some theorists stress hypertext’s utility as an information storage and retrieval device; others praise hypertext’s ability to free the reader from linear media; still others applaud hypertext’s connectivity and its ability to create a basis for the communal creation of knowledge. The hypertext documents that these theorists envision (and create) are quite different from one another because they are based on each theorist’s particular perspective on hypertext. Recently, many hypertext theorists have acknowledged a need for hypertext authors to develop a better rhetorical understanding of their readers; however, the reader roles that most hypertext theorists have thus far anticipated do not encompass all of the reader roles that hypertext can accommodate. Coney has offered a comprehensive "taxonomy of readers" that - although it was originally conceived as a taxonomy of readers of conventional print - provides deeper insight into hypertext reader roles. In this paper, we will discuss the philosophical traditions invoked by various hypertext theorists, and the reader roles that are accommodated or required by those traditions. Finally, we will discuss the hypertext author’s virtual presence, the implied author, as a corollary of reader role.
Keywords	hypertext, literary theory, implied author, rhetoric, reader roles, reader-response criticism
pp	174-182

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Title	Links in Hypermedia: The Requirement for Context
Year	1993
Author	Lynda Hardman, Dick C. A. Bulterman, Guido van Rossum
Affiliation	CWI, PO Box 4079, 1009 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail:{lynda, dcab, guido} @cwi.nl
Abstract	Taking the concept of a link from hypertext and adding to it the rich collection of information formats found in multimedia systems provides an extension to hypertext that is often called hypermedia. Unfortunately, the implicit assumptions under which hypertext links work do not extend well to time-based presentations that consist of a number of simultaneously active media items. It is not obvious where links should lead and there are no standard rules that indicate what should happen to other parts o the presentation that are active. This paper addresses the problems associated with links in hypermedia. In order to provide a solution, we introduce the notion of context for the source and the destination of a link. A context makes explicit which part of a presentation is affected when a link is followed from an anchor in the presentation. Given explicit source and destination contexts for a link, an author is able to state the desired presentation characteristics for following a link, including whether the presentation currently playing should continue playing or be replaced. We first give an intuitive description of contexts for links, then present a structure-based approach. We go on to describe the implementation of contexts in our hypermedia authoring system CMIFed.
Keywords	hypermedia links, context for links, structured multimedia, hypermedia presentation
pp	183-191

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Title	Exploring Large Hyperdocuments: Fisheye Views of Nested Networks
Year	1993
Author	Emanuel G. Noik
Affiliation	CSRI, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1 E-mail: noik@db.toronto.edu
Abstract	Browsing large hypertexts by following links can be difficult and confusing, especially if links span distant nodes. Often a user would like to explore several regions of a network simultaneously, when studying the end points of one or more links, for example. Although this can be achieved by displaying each area of interest in a separate zoomed-in window, the union of such views is not always meaningful. In particular, valuable context showing the relationships between the views is lost. By balancing local detail and global context, fisheye views display information at several levels of abstraction simultaneously. We have devised a novel technique for generating fisheye views of hierarchically nested graphs with multiple variable magnification focal points. In this paper we demonstrate its feasibility as a tool for exploring large nested hypertext networks.
Keywords	nested hypertext networks, graphs, navigation, overviews, fisheye views
pp	192-199

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Title	Browsing through Querying: Designing for Electronic Books
Year	1993
Author	Nipon Charoenkitkarn, Jim Tam, Mark H. Chignell, Gene Golovchinsky
Affiliation	Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada. E-mail: {charoen, tam, chignel, golovch} @ie.utoronto.ca
Abstract	The emerging technologies of pen-based navigation and hand-held computing pose a number of challenges for hypertext and the development of electronic books. In this paper we explore methods of query-based browsing that meet some of these challenges. We describe an existing prototype (Queries-R-Links) that we have developed and we then discuss an enhanced version of query-based browsing that uses methods of text analysis and related approaches to provide a more focused set of hits (links) during browsing.
Keywords	information retrieval, pen-based navigation, electronic books, hand-held computing, relevance feedback, text analysis
pp	206-216

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Title	Searching for the Missing Link: Discovering Implicit Structure in Spatial Hypertext
Year	1993
Author	Catherine C. Marshall, Frank M. Shipman III
Affiliation	Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 Tel: 415-812-4740; Fax: 415-812-4777 E-mail: {marshall, shipman}@parc.xerox.com
Abstract	Hypertexts may be implicitly structured, based on either node content or context. In this paper, we examine implicit structures that rely on the interpretation of node’s spatial context. Hypertext authors and readers can perceive and understand these idiosyncratic structures, but, because they are implicit, they cannot be used by the system to suppot users’ activities. We have explored spatially structured hypertext authored in three different systems, and have developed heuristic recognition algorithms based on the results of our analyses of the kinds of structures that people build. Our results indicate that (1) recognition of implicit structures in spatial hypertext is feasible; (2) interaction will be important in guiding such recognition, and (3) the hypertext system can provide layout facilities that will render later systematic interpretation much easier. Found structures can be used as a basis for supporting information management, as a straightforward way of promoting knowledge-base evolution, as a way of solving representational problems endemic to many hypertext systems, or as a basis for collaboration or interaction.
Keywords	implicit structure, spatial hypertext, link automation
pp	217-230

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Title	VIDEO: The Microcosm Link Service with Integrating Technology
Year	1993
Author	Wendy Hall, Hugh Davis, Adrian Pickering, Gerard Hutchings
Affiliation	Department of Electronics and Computer Science,University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17 1BJ E-mail: wh@acs.soton.ac.uk
Abstract	The Microcosm hypermedia system is currently implemented in C under Microsoft Windows. Macintosh and Unix/Xversions have been prototyped. The video shows the MS Windows version which is the most fully developed and has been integrated with several Windows applications. Microcosm consists of a number of viewers which allow the user to view and interact with many different formats of information. The viewers communicate with Microcosm which then sends messages through a filter chain. Important filters are the link databases, or linkbases. In Microcosm, documents are not marked up internally: the link data is held in these separate link bases, and the viewers communicate with the linkbases to establish what buttons and links exist relevant to a particular document. The Microcosm model allows a spectrum of link types. At one end of this spectrum are specific links or buttons which are manually authored links from a fixed source point to a destination point. Generic links are links that have a fixed destination but which may be followed from any point in any document where the appropriate object (such as a text selection) occurs. At the other end of the spectrum are computed links. These links are generated dynamically using information retrieval techniques, for example. An important feature of Microcosm is the facility to dynamically install filters, particularly linkbases. It is common for a user to have at least two linkbases in the filter chain. One will be the application’s linkbase which will contain links made by the original author. Another will belong to the user, and will contain personal link information and annotations. It is thus possible to have one set of multimedia documents, with a number of different linkbases that might contain completely separate views on the same set of information. If required, a user could install more than one such linkbase at a time and use the union of these set of links. The Microcosm model provides a link service using which it is possible to follow links into and out of applications that are not part of Microcosm. Many Windows application packages have facilities that permit programmable communication with the Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) and in this case it is possible to treat such an application as a Microcosm viewer. When it is not possible to communicate via the DDE, links can be followed by simply cutting and pasting a selection to the clipboard. The openness of the model allows selections to be any data objects. This has been used to full effect in the integration of Microcosm with Autocad, where the selection of an Autocad object is used as the basis of link retrieval, and with the SPANS GIS system, where the selection of a coordinate in a SPANS map is used similarly. The video shows examples of all these techniques based on material taken from some of the many applications that have been developed using Microcosm, including a historical archive, medical education and urban planning applications.
Keywords
pp	231-232

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Title	VIDEO: Myabi: A Hypermedia Database with Media-based Navigation
Year	1993
Author	Kyoji Hirata, Hajime Takano, Yoshinori Hara
Affiliation	C&C Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 4-1-1 Miyazaki, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216, Japan E-mail: {hirata, takano, hara} @mmp.cl’nec.co.jp
Abstract	Each medium has its own information clues which can hardly be described by alphanumeric representations (we call them media information clues). They are, for example, shape, color, construction for still image, motion for movie, and tone, melody for auditory data. However, Hypermedia system designers sofar have been forced to assign many keywords or many links among objects in order to provide flexible and user-customized navigation. As a result, costs for organizing such systems rise accordingly, and it is difficult to apply this kind of alphanumeric approach directly to large-scale systems. The translation from media information clues to alphanumeric representation is clearly a barrier for the interaction between the system and its users. Instead, users should be able to directly make a query to the hypermedia using the same representation as the object they want to retrieve. Media-based navigation is a new navigation style for hypermedia systems. Users can use media information clues in both browsing and querying phase. Users retrieve objects using media information such as shape, color, motion, etc. This type of media-based retrieval becomes even more powerful as users can input the queries to the system as objects they perceive in the real world. The system, then, interprets the queries and shows possible candidates that match the query. Users browse these candidates and show interesting objects to the system. The system finds all other objects that might be of interest to the user. Miyabi is a prototype of a navigation-based hypermedia database system. It is based on an extended Entity-Relationship model and provides a wide variety of navigational tools such as schema browsers and media-based browsing tools. It is designed to lcearly separate conceptual information from media processing so as to simplify its architecture. It is also designed to consider high level semantic structures to handle large amounts of hypermedia data. Miyabi has wide use of database conceptual modeling as well as user-friendly hypermedia operations. We have developed a Paris guide system and an electronic art museum to demonstrate the usefulness of Miyabi. Both prototypes have approximately 600 instances, 2000 links and 200 images based on six entities. The images in this system are, for example, paintings of art, landscape photographs of Paris, snapshot photographs of Paris, and so on. Users can navigate through the system based on many kinds of information clues including media information clues. In order to provide media-based browsing, we introduced the concept of the picture index. The picture index is an internal representation of the stored graphical object. The system generates a picture index automatically, by applying edge detection techniques and region divide techniques which are based on human observation of visual perception processes. At the current time, the picture index size is 24x24. It is composed of several regions, each of which has color and textual information. These characteristics are enough to represent the overview of the image. They are suitable to compare the user’s uncertain memory about the image quickly. Users and system designers do not have to assign any keywords or index terms for content retrieval.
Keywords
pp	233-234

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Title	VIDEO: The SEPIA Hypermedia System as part of the POLIKOM Telecooperation Scenario
Year	1993
Author	Jorg Haake, Thomas Knopik, Norbert Streitz
Affiliation	GMD-IPSI, Dolivostr. 15, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany E-mail: {haake, knopik, streitz} @darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	The decision of the German parliament to relocate the seat of parliament and government from Bonn to Berlin represents a major challenge and opportunity for information and communication technology. It is the goal that ministries and parliament must be able to work almost as if they were at the same location. But the Bonn-Berlin problem is not unique. It is only one example of distributed cooperative work, eg in a united Europe or in a multinational company operating at a world-wide level. In order to meet this challenge, the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology instructed the National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD) to develop a research programme named POLIKOM (POLis+KOMmunikation = communication between cities). This programme is intended to establish a joint effort of leading companies, research institutes and universities with projects starting soon.
Keywords
pp	235-237

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Title	VIDEO: WAX or the discovery of television among the bees
Year	1993
Author	David Blair
Affiliation	PO Box 174, Cooper Station, New York, NY 10276, USA E-mail: artist1@rdrc.rpi.edu
Abstract	EAX or the discovery of television among the bees is set in Alamogordo, New Mexico where the main character, Jacob Maker designs gunsight displays at a flight simulation factory. Jacob also keeps bees. His hives are filled with "Mesopotamian" bees that he has inherited from his grandfather. Through these bees, the dead of the future begin to appear, introducing Jacob to a type of destiny that pushes him away from the normal world, enveloping him in a grotesque miasma of past and synthetic realities. The bees show Jacob the story of his grandfather’s acquisition and fatal association with the "Mesopotamian" bees, in the years following the First World War. The bees also lead Jacob away from his home, out to the Alamogordo desert, slowly revealing to him their synthetic/mechanical world, which exists in a darkness beyond the haze of his own thoughts. Passing through Trinity Site, birthplace of the Plutonium bomb, Jacob arrives at a gigantic cave beneath the desert. There, he enters the odd world of the bees, and fulfils his destiny. Traveling both to the past and the future, Jacob ends at Basra, Iraq, in the year 1991, where he meets a victim that he must kill. Independently executed over six years, the film combines compelling narrative, in the realistic/fantastic vein of Thomas Pynchon or Salman Rushdie, with the graphic fluidity of video technique. The result is an odd, new type of story experience, where smooth and sudden transpositions of picture and sound can nimbly follow and fuse with fantastical, suddenly changing, and often accelerated narrative. The result resembles story-telling in animated film. Yet location photography and archive research form the backbone of the piece. WAX or the discovery of television among the bees provides an example of a new type of independent "electronic cinema" that will become more common as the 1990s progress.
Keywords
pp	238-239

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Title	VIDEO: FRESS Hypertext System
Year	1993
Author	1. David G. Durand; 2. Steven J. DeRose
Affiliation	1. Computer Science Department, Boston University, 111 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215 2. Electronic Book Technologies, 1 Richmond Square, Providence, RI 02906
Abstract	These two videos document the FRESS hypertext system and its application in teaching English poetry - the first use of Hypertext in a classroom. The FRESS educational experiment is described in a paper: Cantano, James V. 1979 "Poetry and Computers: Experimenting with the Communal Text" in Computers and the Humanities 13(9), 269-275. The first video is a film that was made as part of the final report to the National Endowment for the Humanities on the experimental use of the FRESS hypertext system in teaching poetry. The second video is a demonstration of the FRESS system (actually running on the data files created by the poetry project). The basic FRESS program, despite being written in 360 assembly language, still runs more than 10 years after it was last compiled. The front end graphics computer (an IMLAC vector-graphic display) no longer exists, so that this demonstration uses a simple emulator of the original display running on a Macintosh computer.
Keywords
pp	240

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Title	VIDEO: The Perseus Project
Year	1993
Author	Elli Mylonas
Affiliation	Department of the Classics, 319 Boylston Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 E-mail: elli@ikaros.harvard.edu
Abstract	Perseus is a multimedia, hypertextual database of material pertaining to classical Greece. The project has been underway since 1987, and is funded primarily by The Annenberg/CPB Project and also by Apple Computer. It is a collaborative effort based at Harvard University, with contributors from Pomona College, St. Olaf College, Bowdoin College and the University of Maryland. The main body of the material in Perseus consists of a large collection of primary texts with accompanying translation and notes, descriptions of acheaological objects with accompanying drawings and photographs, an atlas, an encyclopedia and a Greek-English lexicon. In addition, there are specialized tools for searching and navigating within the material as a hypertext. Very little of the data in Perseus was created explicitly for publication in electronic form. Most of it has been converted from traditional, paper originals. The tools in Perseus, however, are designed to provide not only traditional forms of access but also to utilize the potential of digital information. The first version of Perseus, Perseus 1.0, was published by Yale University Press in the spring of 1992 and the second version is being completed and will be ready for distribution in early 1994. Perseus runs under HyperCard and is distributed on CD-ROM. This video was made as a demonstration of Perseus for situations where it was not possible to show the actual system. It consists of several vignettes that show how Perseus can be used to investigate topics that come up in teaching Classical Greek civilization. It was made in 1991 using Perseus 1.0. Although it was originally intended as a stand-in for the actual Perseus system, the video turned out to be of great value to Perseus users who needed examples illustrating how to use it for teaching, and what a student assignment in Perseus might look like. As evaluation results indicated after Perseus 1.0 had been in use for a semester, it is not easy to incorporate an unfamiliar system like Perseus into traditional forms of teaching. In order to make effective use of Perseus, instructors must learn not only how the program works, they must also learn to perform tasks in new ways. The video has therefore become a useful part of the Perseus documentation. The video was produced by Video Visuals of Newton, Mass, and was coordinated by Phinney Morrison of the Perseus Project.
Keywords
pp	241

References , Full text

 

Title	TECHNICAL BRIEFING: Enactment in Information Farming
Year	1993
Author	Mark Bernstein
Affiliation	Eastgate Systems Inc., PO Box 1307, Cambridge MA 02238, USA Tel: +1 617 924 9044 E-mail: eastgate@world.std.com
Abstract	Information farming views the cultivation of information as a continuing, collaborative activity performed by groups of people working together to achieve changing individual and common goals. Failure to differentiate information farming from related but distinct activities like information mining and data factories has been a fruitful source of misunderstanding and discord in the hypertext literature and in the design of hypertext environments. Dramatic enactment and visual salience - not recall, precision or usability - assume primary roles in design for information gardening. In this technical briefing, we examine how enactment contributes to the success and failure of a variety of Hypergate and Storyspace features.
Keywords	design, rhetoric, enactment, collaboration, information farming
pp	242-249

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Title	TECHNICAL BRIEFING: The Microcosm Link Service
Year	1993
Author	Wendy Hall, Gary Hill, Hugh Davis
Affiliation	Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ E-mail: {wh, gjh, hcd}@ecs.soton.ac.uk
Abstract	As understanding of hypertext concepts has increased, the possibilities they present for the creation of a flexible system able to act as an integrator for a user’s whole environment are growing. This has led to interest in the concept of open hypermedia systems that are able to act as a link service to an existing set of applications. The key to this concept is in the perception of hypertext principles as a method for integration rather than simply as a delivery medium for a clearly defined information set. A vision of the possibilities such a system might provide in a real world situation is given by Malcolm et al. They paint a convincing picture of an environment where hypertext principles provide a seamless integration of a diverse range of applications. In order to provide such facilities in an efficient manner, a common link service such as described by Pearl and Rizk is essential. This would provide a standard linking protocol that any application can take advantage of in order to become a fully integrated part of its environment. The Microcosm link service which we have been developing at the University of Southampton addresses the need for an integrating technology of this type.
Keywords	open, integrated, link service
pp	256-259

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Title	TECHNICAL BRIEFING: Information Retrieval Techniques for Hypertext in the Semi-Structured Toolkit
Year	1993
Author	Gary Perlman
Affiliation	Computer and Information Science, Ohio State University, 2036 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH43210-1277 USA E-mail: perlman@cis.ohio-state.edu
Abstract	The Semi-Structured Toolkit (SST) is a C library that provides universal functions based on abstractions for storage format and data type-dependencies of semi-structured/frame-based information units. The SST provides searching, sorting, viewing, and linking operations for data stored in its native formats, without requiring proprietary formats or conversion. Hypertext capabilities such as linking and outlining are implemented in the SST with inverted indices for each of the fields in semi-structured records. This paper describes the implementation of hypertext capabilities in the SST.
Keywords	information retrieval, underlying technologies, hypertext, indexing, linking, outlining, open systems
pp	260-266

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Title	TECHNICAL BRIEFING: Design of Hypermedia Script Languages: The KMS Experience
Year	1993
Author	Robert M. Akscyn, Donald L. McCracken
Affiliation	Knowledge Systems Incorporated, RD2#213A Evans Road, Export, PA 15632, USA
Abstract	This briefing describes the design of the KMS script language and some of the lessons learned from experience using it. The language - the result of over 20 years of ZOG/KMS development - is a procedural, block structured language characterized by a simple command line syntax, a large number of intrinsic commands (approximately 800), and the use of nodes and links as a central aspect of the syntax and semantics of the language. The intrinsic use of nodes and links in the script language provides interesting opportunities, not only for the design of other aspects of the language such as control structures, but also for the use of hypermedia as a programming environment to facilitate development and maintenance of scripts. In addition to designing the language, we have used it extensively to develop many hypermedia based applications. Our experience, and that of end-user organizations, strongly reinforces our general belief that a script language is a valuable adjunct to hypermedia systems and instrumental to the utility of hypermedia for real world task environments.
Keywords
pp	268-273

References , Full text

1994 Hypertext Conference

 

Title	VIKI: Spatial Hypertext Supporting Emergent Structure
Year	1994
Author	C. C. Marshall, F. M. Shipman, J. H. Coombs
Affiliation	Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto CA 94304 Fax: (415) 812-477 E-ail: {marshall, shipman} @parc.xerox.com
Abstract	The emergent nature of structure is a crucial, but often ignored, constraint on authoring hypertexts. VIKI is a spatial hypertext system that supports the emergent qualities of structure and the abstractions that guide its creation. We have found that a visual/spatial metaphor for hypertext allows people to express the nuances of structure, especially ambiguous, partial or emerging structure, more easily. VIKI supports interpretation of a collected body of materials, a task that becomes increasingly important with the availability of on-line information sources. The tool’s data model includes semi-structured objects, collections that provide the basis for spatial navigation, and object composites, all of which may evolve into types. A spatial parser supports this evolution and enhances user interaction with changing, visually apparent organizations.
Keywords	spatial hypertext, emergent structure, interpretation, visual structure recognition, composites
pp	13-23

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Title	Fixed or Fluid? Document Stability and New Media
Year	1994
Author	David M. Levy
Affiliation	Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA94304 Fax: 415-812-4334 E-mail: dlevy@parc.xerox.com
Abstract	One of the crucial properties of documents through the ages has been their fixity. The ability to mark surfaces in relatively stable ways has made it possible for people distributed across space and time to see the same images and thereby to have access to the same meanings or communicative intent. Today, however, with the increasing us e of digital technologies, it is often asserted that we are moving from the fixed world of paper documents to the fluid world of digital documents. In this paper I challenge this assertion, arguing instead that all documents, regardless of medium, are fixed and fluid. Thus, although paper documents do fix aspects of communication, they do (and must) also change; and although digital documents are easily changeable, they must also be capable of remaining fixed. I make use of this analysis in two ways: first, to examine the fixity and fluidity of hypertext; and second, to critique Bolter’s argument in Writing Space concerning the movement from fixed to fluid.
Keywords	hypertext, documents, fixity, fluidity
pp	24-30

References , Full text

 

Title	Extending the Microcosm Model to a Distributed Environment
Year	1994
Author	Gary Hall, Wendy Hall
Affiliation	University of Southampton, Highfield, Hants, UK, SO17 5BJ fax: +44 704 592865 E-mail: {gjh, wh}@ecs.soton.ac.uk
Abstract	In recent years, there has been significant growth in the use of computer networks to support electronic delivery of information. As the volume of available information has grown, a need for powerful tools that can manage access has arisen. It has been suggested that hypertext techniques can provide such a facility. The Microcosm system is a hypertext link service developed at the University of Southampton. The system is based upon a modular architecture which allows the functionality of the system to be easily and dynamically extended. This paper describes the development of a distributed version of Microcosm based upon this modular design. The distributed system described utilises the find granularity of the Microcosm model to support a wide range of possible configurations. The system also extends the document management facilities of Microcosm to allow information stored by other information services to be incorporated. The result is a system that can apply Microcosm’s open linking services to a wide range of networked information.
Keywords	open, distributed, hypertext, Microcosm
pp	32-40

References , Full text

 

Title	Light Hypermedia Link Services: A study of third party application integration
Year	1994
Author	Hugh C. Davis, Simon Knight, Wendy Hall
Affiliation	The Image and Multimedia Research Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, SO17 1BJ Fax: +44 703 592865 E-mail: {hcd,sjk92r,wh}@ecs.soton.ac.uk
Abstract	Recently there has been a tendency for the research community to move away from closed hypermedia systems, towards open hypermedia link services which allow third parties to produce applications so that they are hypertext-enabled. This paper explores the frontiers of this trend by examining the minimum responsibility of an application to co-operate with the underlying link service, and, in the limiting case where the application has not been enabled in any way, it explores the properties and qualities of hypermedia systems that can be produced. A tool, the Universal Viewer, which allows the Microcosm Hypermedia System to co-operate with applications which have not been enabled is introduced and a case study is presented which demonstrates the functionality that may be achieved using entirely third party applications, most of which have not been enabled.
Keywords	open hypermedia, hypermedia link services, integration, Microcosm
pp	41-50

References , Full text

 

Title	Adding networking to hypertext: can it be done transparently?
Year	1994
Author	Peter Brown
Affiliation	Computing Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK Fax: 227-762811 E-mail: pjb@ukc.ac.uk
Abstract	Networks are becoming increasingly available and hypertext systems with networking capabilities are currently enjoying exponential growth. The vast majority of hypertext systems were not, however, designed to cater for networking. This paper examines whether it is possible to add networking to such systems and, if so, whether it can be done without upsetting existing hyperdocuments, existing authors and existing readers. The examination is done using one specific hypertext system, UNIX Guide, but the lessons are, I hope, more general.
Keywords	wide-area network, storage, link, file, active document, distributed hyperdocument, GUIDE
pp	51-58

References , Full text

 

Title	Composites in a Dexter-Based Hypermedia Framework
Year	1994
Author	K. Gronbaek
Affiliation	Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Bldg.540, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark Fax: +45 8942 3255 E-mail:kgronbak@daimi.aau.dk
Abstract	This paper discusses the design and use of a generic composite mechanism in the object oriented DEVISE Hypermedia (DHM) development framework. The DHM framework is based on the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model which introduces a notion of composite to mode editors with complex or multiple types of contents. The original Dexter notion of composites is, however, insufficient to cover structural composites including or referencing other components. Thus the DHM framework has been extended with generic composite classes suited to support structures within the hypermedia network itself. The paper presents and discusses the design of the generic composite classes belonging to the STORAGE and RUNTIME layers of the framework. A central aspect of the design is that the structuring mechanism is a true composite with a collection of components as its contents rather than an atomic component with links to other components as in the classical systems such as NoteCards, Intermedia, and KMS. It is also shown how the powerful generic classes can be used to implement a variety of useful hypermedia concepts such as: hierarchy by inclusion, hierarchy by reference, virtual and computed browsers, TableTops and GuidedTours.
Keywords	composites, structures, hierarchies, GuidedTour, Dexter model object oriented framework
pp	59-69

References , Full text

 

Title	Adding Multimedia Collections to the Dexter Model
Year	1994
Author	Franca Garzotto, Luca Mainetti, Paolo Paolini
Affiliation	Politecnico di Milano - Department of Electronics and Information, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 - 20129 Milano - Italy Tel. +39-2-2399.3623 Fax: +39-2-2399.3411 E-mail: {garzotto, mainetti, paolini}@elet.polimi.it
Abstract	The Dexter Model defines the notion of atomic components and composite components, but it does not prescribe, nor it suggests, any particular structure for composite components. This paper proposes a specific type of composite component, called "collection". A collection is a container holding several members. Collections can contain other collections (nested collections). Collections can be regarded as sets, but they can also have an inner structure. Collections can be created in several ways: manually, through queries, by operations on other collections, by exploiting links, etc. Collections introduce a navigational pattern, based on their structure, that is different from the standard node and link navigation. If active media are considered, collections allow the design and implementation of complex synchronisation strategies, difficult to obtain otherwise. The paper describes the motivations for using collections, their structure, their navigational capabilities and a number of possible authoring mechanisms. It also examines the interplay between standard navigation and collection navigation, possible synchronization strategies for collections, as well as the requirements for the definition of a runtime support (which could be used to extend the runtime layer of the Dexter model).
Keywords	Dexter model, composite, hypermedia design, collection, guided tour, active media
pp	70-80

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Title	Under CoVer: the implementation of a contextual version server for hypertext applications
Year	1994
Author	Anja Haake
Affiliation	IPSI - Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute, GMD - German national Research Organization for Information Technology, Dolivostr. 15, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany E-mail: ahaake@darmstadt.gmd.de
Abstract	At GMD-IPSI we are developing CoVer, a contextual version server for hypertext applications. Another characterization of CoVer is the CoVer integrates state-oriented versioning concepts with task-oriented versioning concepts. While other version models in general support only one of these groups of concepts, we argue that the explicit composition of versions of complex hypertext networks has to be complemented by automatic version creation in the context of tasks or jobs performed while manipulating the hypertext network and vice versa. Regarding the implementation of version models, it turns out that the state-oriented implementation approach - representing every legal state of a hyperdocument explicitly - and the task-oriented implementation approach - computing versions of complex hypertext networks due to changes executed during a task or job - are interchangeable. While the separation of state- and task-oriented concepts at the conceptual level of the version model is desirable to support version creation and selection for different hypertext applications, the implementation of such a dual model can be based on a single implementation approach. This paper discusses both types of implementation with an emphasis to cope with alternative versions that are in particular meaningful for hypertext publishing applications.
Keywords	versioning, alternatives, state-oriented versioning, task-oriented versioning, implementation techniques, publishing applications
pp	81-93

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Title	Chimera: Hypertext for Heterogeneous Software Environments
Year	1994
Author	K. M. Anderson, R. N. Taylor, E. J. Whitehead
Affiliation	Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92717-3425 USA Fax: +1.714-856-4056 E-mail: {kanderso, taylor, ejw}@ics.uci.edu
Abstract	Emerging software development environments are characterized by heterogeneity: they are composed of diverse object stores, user interfaces, and tools. This paper presents an approach for providing hypertext services in this heterogeneous setting. Central notions of the approach include the following. Anchors are established with respect to interactive views of objects, rather than the objects themselves. Composable, n-ary links can be established between anchors on different view of objects stored in distinct object bases. Viewers (and objects) may be implemented in different programming languages afforded by a client-server architecture. Multiple, concurrently active viewers enable multimedia hypertext services. The paper describes the approach and presents an architecture which supports it. Experience with the Chimera prototype and its relationship to other systems is described.
Keywords	multimedia information systems, software engineering, tools and techniques, document preparation, hypertext, hypermedia, heterogeneous hypertext, hypertext system architectures, link servers, separation of concerns, software development environments
pp	94-106

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Title	SIROG - a responsive hypertext manual
Year	1994
Author	1. Lothar Simon; 2. Jochen Erdmann
Affiliation	1. Eidon, Am Weichselgarten 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Fax: +49 9131 691 111 E-mail: simon@forwiss.uni-erlangen.de 2. Siemens KWU, Power Generation Division, NA-S, Erlangen, Germany
Abstract	Power plant operation and control in modern screen-based control rooms takes place using computer displays which are directly coupled to the plant state. However, operators are provided with operational instructions and background information by means of paper manuals or at best hypertext manuals with fixed structure and contents. Thus, information presentation is independent of the current situation. To improve information accessibility we developed a situation-dependent information medium: responsive manuals. A responsive manual consists of a "standard" hypertext based operational manual and a task description. It monitors the changing situation and based on this is able to point to relevant information. To show the advantages of the responsive manual approach in the domain of power plant operation we implemented the SIROG (situation related operational guidance) system in close co-operation with Siemens. It covers all parts of an operational manual for accidents in a Siemens nuclear power plant, and is coupled directly to the plant state. The article discusses the basics of the responsive manuals approach and the role of "responsiveness" in SIROG.
Keywords	hypertext manual, situation-dependence, task model, process monitoring, process control
pp	108-116

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Title	Repertory Hypergrids: An Application to Clinical Practice Guidelines
Year	1994
Author	1. David Madigan, 2. C. Richard Chapman, 3. Jonathan Gavrin, 4. Ole Villumsen, 5. John Boose
Affiliation	1,2,3,4: University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195 1,2,,3,5: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195 4. Aarhus University 1. Department of Statistics, GN-22, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195 Fax: (206) 685-7419 E-mail: {madigan, crc, jgavrin}@u.washington.edu ovillumsen@daimi.aau.dk jboose@spock.fhcrc.org
Abstract	Creation and maintenance of links in large hypermedia documents is difficult. Motivated by an application to a federal clinical practice guideline for cancer pain management, we have developed and evaluated a repertory grid-based linking scheme we call repertory hypergrids. Harnessing established knowledge acquisition techniques, the repertory hypergrid assigns each "knowledge chunk" a location in "context space". A chunk links to another chunk if they are both close in context space. To evaluate the scheme, we conducted a protocol analysis. Six users of the guideline addressing typical cancer pain management tasks made 30 explicit links. The repertory hypergrid using a neighborhood size of 16 captures 24 of those links. With optimization, the repertory hypergrid captures 27 of the links with a neighborhood size of 13.
Keywords	implicit linking, repertory grid, clinical practice guidelines, link maintenance, evaluation
pp	117-125

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Title	Accessing Hyperdocuments through Interactive Dynamic Maps
Year	1994
Author	Mountaz Zizi, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon
Affiliation	Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, CNRS URA 410, Batiment 490, Universite de Paris-Sud, 91-405 Orsay Cedex, France Tel. +33 (1) 69 41 66 25 Fax +33 (1) 69 41 65 86 E-mail: {mountaz, mbl} @lri.fr
Abstract	We propose a new navigation paradigm based on a spatial metaphor to help users access and navigate within large sets of documents. This metaphor is implemented by a computer artifact called an Interaction Dynamic Map (IDM). An IDM plays a role similar to the role of a real map with respect to physical space. Two types of IDMs are computed from the documents: Topic IDMs represent the semantic contents of a set of documents, while Document IDMs visualize a subset of documents such as those resulting from a query. IDMs can be used for navigating, browsing, and querying. They can be made active, they can be customized and they can be shared among users. The article presents the SHADOCS document retrieval system and describes the role, use and generation of IDMs in SHADOCS.
Keywords	navigation, maps, information retrieval, visualization, interaction paradigm
pp	126-135

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